1. INTRODUCTION:

As per the land utilization statistics for 2013-14, out of the total 190.50 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2015-16 13 lakh hectare geographical area of the State, the net cropped area was 99.23 lakh hectares accounting to 52% of the total geographical area. Gross cropped area was 122.67 lakh hectares including 23.44 lakh hectare areas sown more than once, this works out to 124% cropping intensity. The state has 157 Agricultural Produce Market Committees (APMC’s) to facilitate and regulate the marketing of agricultural commodities.

As per the land use statistics 2012-13, the total geographical area of the country is 328.7 million hectares, of which 139.9 million hectares is the reported net sown area and Overview 194.4 million hectares is the gross cropped area with a cropping intensity of 138.9%. The net irrigated area is 66.1 million hectares advanced estimates of agricultural production are worked out considering the progress in area coverage under various Kharif and Rabi crops, likely coverage during summer, and likely loss in yield on account of failure of rains and long dry spell in major parts of the State. 196 Economic Survey of Karnataka 2015-16 The estimates indicate production of 97.50 lakh tones Cereals and 12.50 lakh tones of Pulses against the target of 124 and 16 lakh tonnes respectively. Agriculture plays a vital role in India’s economy.

Pulses are an important commodity group of crops that provide high quality protein complementing cereal proteins for pre-dominantly substantial vegetarian population of the country. Although, being the largest pulse crop cultivating country in the World, India‘s production of pulses is relatively mere in comparison to total cereal crops productions. The cultivation of pulses builds-up a mechanism to fix atmospheric nitrogen in their root nodules and thus meet their nitrogen requirements to a great extent. In India, Pulses can be produced with a minimum use of resources and hence, it becomes less costly even than animal protein. In comparison with other vegetables, pulses are rich in protein which are less expensive and can be cultivated as an inter-crop and also as mixed crop. Pulses are mostly cultivated under rain fed

conditions and do not require intensive irrigation facility and this is the reason why pulses are grown in areas left after satisfying the demand for cereals/cash crops. Even in such conditions, pulses give better returns. Apart from this, pulses possess several other qualities such as they are rich in protein, improve soil fertility and physical structure, fit in mixed/inter-cropping system, crop rotations and dry farming and provide green pods for vegetable and nutritious fodder for cattle as well.

1.2. Pulses Production in India:

India the largest producer and consumer of pulses in the world accounting for 33 per cent of the world area and 22 per cent of world production of pulses. The domestic demand and consumption, however is much more than production mainly because pulses are a major source of protein for a large section of the vegetarian population in the country. The major pulses producing states are Madhya Pradesh (23 percent), Uttar Pradesh (18 per cent), Maharashtra (14 per cent), Rajasthan (11 per cent) Andhra Pradesh (9 per cent), and Karnataka (6 per cent) where pulses are mostly grown as rain fed crops. Domestic production of pulses after its peak of 14.94 million tonnes in 2003- 04 had declined to 13.38 million tonnes in 2004-05 and to13.11 million tonnes in 2005-06 due to adverse climatic conditions prevalent in the major production zones. In the current year the production is estimated to increase marginally 14.1 million tonnes.

1.3. Agriculture background in Karnataka:

Karnataka is India’s eighth largest state in geographical area covering 1.92 lakh sq km and accounting for 6.3 per cent of the geographical area of the country. The state is delineated into 30 districts and 176 taluks spread over 27,481 villages. In Karnataka, agriculture is the major occupation for a majority of the rural population. As per the population Census 2011, agriculture supports 13.74 million workers, of which 23.61 percent are cultivators and 25.67 percent agricultural workers. A total of 123,100 km² of land is cultivated in Karnataka constituting 64.6% of the total geographical area of the state. The agricultural sector of Karnataka is characterized by vast steppes of drought prone region and sporadic patches of irrigated area. Thus, a large portion of agricultural land in the state is exposed to the vagaries of monsoon with severe agro-climatic and resource constraints. Agriculture employs more than 60 per cent of Karnataka’s workforce. Karnataka is one of the important pulses growing state in India and pulses are grown in an area of about 24.32 lakh ha. The important pulses grown in Karnataka are pigeon pea, chickpea, Horse gram, Green gram and Black gram. More than 60 per cent of the area under total pulses in Karnataka is covered by pigeon pea and chickpea crops.

2. RESEARCH PROBLEM:

Many studies have been conducted on the production of pulses crops in Karnataka. Farmers have many problems in cultivation of red gram and other pulses crops. Karnataka state is an agriculture dominant economy with over 50 per cent area under cultivation. Farmers are facing many agricultural problems which can make them to avoid some crops and convert into other crops. Some other major commercial and food grain crops production performance is high and some farmers completely avoided the cultivation of red gram green gram and other pulses crops in recent years. That’s why; the macro level study is needed to know the production. Is these specified study overlook about the economic profile of Karnataka state with respective crop? What are the determinants yield and yield gap of red gram and Green gram crop. How the study examines the cost and returns analyze the pulses crops in particular state. What is the trends and extent of productivity of pulses crops in Karnataka state? If any challenges faced by the farmers in the process of cultivation if challenges are there what are the remedies are undertaken.

3. OBJECTIVES:

· To identify and analyze the Area, Production and Productivity of Pulses in Karnataka.

· To evaluate the trends and productivity of pulses crops in Karnataka.

· To estimate and analyse the supply responsiveness of farmers cultivating pulses crops.

4. REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

Kumar et al (2005) in their study on “Technical Efficiency of Rice Farms under Irrigated Conditions of North West Himalayan Region – A Non- Parametric Approach” stated that hill agriculture is practiced under tough conditions because of its unique character. Davidson and Martin (1965) in their study argued “The Relationship between Yields on Farm and in Experiments Station” was observed to vary according to the cultivation season. During good years, the yield at experiment station was found to increase more rapidly than the yield on farm within the same district. This was mainly because the farmers were more interested in measuring their profit by limiting their input investments, while the experimenters only aimed at measuring yield and had no cost restraints.

Monkeyi (1977): his in study estimated the yield gap ratios in rice production during Kharif season in the year 1975-76 the deserved farmers technical competence to be high when the gap ratio was low and vice versa. High yield gap was reported in states like Bihar and Orissa. This was attributed to the fact that while the demonstration plots were situated in irrigated areas, rice at the farmer was generally produced under rain fed conditions.

Sunit Kumar (2012): Author says that Pulses on account of their vital role in nutritional security and soil ameliorative properties have been an integral part of sustainable agriculture since ages. However the production of pulses in Uttarakhand has drastically came down in the period, 1990-91 to 2007-08. The pulses data of Government of Uttarakhand, directorate of Agriculture, 2008, shows that the winter pulses (lentil and chickpea) area declined in this period 5 thousand hectare. The reasons for declining the pulses were most of the farmers are economically inefficient in producing pulses in the region.

Praduman Kumar (2013):in the study focused on Demand for food grains has been estimated for India for the years 2011-12, 2016-17 and 2021-22, by accounting for the factors like urbanization, regional variations in consumption pattern, shifts in dietary pattern and income Distribution, limit on energy requirement and changes in tastes and preferences of consumers for food varieties. Indirect demand including ‘home away demand’ has also been considered in working out this food demand projections. Policy scenario has been presented and yield targets for the years 2011-12, 2016-17 and 2021-22 have been projected to meet the demand of food grams in these years.

Anil Kumar Singh (2012): This study entitled India is no longer dependent on other land produce especially with respect to food grains, thanks goes to policy planner researcher and the most to our farmers who make this dream to happen in our life time. We have to have worked hard systematically to prove our credential with regards to oilseeds and pulses. India is the world leader in production, consumption and import as well in case of pulses and not for behind in vegetable oils. India imports2-3 Mt of pulses on regular basis and 9.2 Mt of vegetable oils during 2010-11.Currently India is in the mid-way of self-sustaining in oilseeds and pulses production. By the 2050, India as a whole will be able to sustain their productions’.

Srivastava (2010): In their study argued that India is the largest producer and consumer of pulses in the world accounting for about 25 per cent of global production, 27 per cent of global consumption and about 33 per cent of the world’s area under pulses. However, compared to cereals like wheat and paddy, the growth rate of area and production of pulses is negligible and there exists wide variability in their yield in different states of country. The study has explored the growth and dynamics of production and consumption of major pulses in different states of India and has made a comparative evaluation of key economic factors affecting their production. Amarender Reddy and G.P. Reddy (2010): in their study concluded In India, annual production of pulses ranges from 11 Mt to 15 Mt, with yield of about 600 kg/ha. Due to the wide gap between supply and demand, import of pulses has increased from 0.38 Mt in 1993 to 2.82 Mt in 2008. Lentil is an important Rabi pulse crop with a production of 0.85-0.95 Mt in India, after gram. The study has used both secondary and primary data collected from on-farm demonstrations and Farmers’ fields’ to examine the ways to enhance the domestic supply of lentil. The study has found that there is a scope of increasing area under lentil during the Rabi season.

K. Priyanka et al, (2013), The present study has been shows that Red gram is an important pulse crop in India. New cropping technology increases the yield in the production of red gram. In order to examine variation in yield due to introduction of new technology, a study was carried out in Bidar district of North Karnataka during the year 2011-12. It was found that cost of cultivation under transplanted red gram (` 37139/ha) was higher than that of dibbled (` 34007/ha) method. Contribution of increased use of inputs was found to be negative.

5. METHODOLOGY AND SOURCE OF DATA:

The study based on exploratory and descriptive, analytical method of research now used the data analysed through using some of statistical tools and techniques which are needful to the specified study. For the purpose of analysis of the data, simple percentages, averages, bar diagrams and pie diagrams have been adopted wherever necessary to interpret the data in a relevant manner. This study is confine to the food grain crops such as pulses production in Karnataka. Secondary data will be collected through the different published and unpublished source which includes books, articles published in reputed journals, government official reports, National Sample Survey (NSSO), Directorate of Economics and Statistics (DES) Govt. of Karnataka, State Agricultural Statistic Authority (SASA), Indian Society of agricultural Economics (ISAE), Director, Department of Agriculture, Bangalore and related web portals. APMC market website Krishimaratavahini, etc.

6. PRODUCTION TREND:

In India pulses are cultivated on marginal lands under rain fed conditions. Only 15% of the area under pulses has assured irrigation. Because of the high level of fluctuations in pulse production (due to biotic and biotic stress) and prices (in the absence of an effective government price support mechanism) farmers are not very keen on taking up pulse cultivation despite high wholesale pulse prices in recent years. Farmers are getting attracted towards cash crops like Bt cotton, maize and oilseeds (mainly soybeans) because of better return and lower risk. Consequently area under these crops has increased over the years to the detriment of pulses (Table 1).

Table1: Area Production and Yield of Total Pulses in India

Year	Area (million hectares)	Production (million tonnes)	Yield (kg./ hectares)
1980-81	22.46	10.63	473
1990-91	24.66	14.26	578
2000-2001	20.35	11.08	544
2010-11	26.40	18.24	691
2011-12	24.46	17.09	699
2012-13	23.47	18.34	781

Source: India’s Pulses Scenario National Council of Applied Economic Research New Delhi

In order to give the much needed fillip to pulse production, the government has included pulses in the NFSM (along with wheat and rice) since the launch of NFSM in October 2007 and has been significantly increasing the MSP for most pulses. Over the past four years, the increase in MSP was a massive 87 percent for Tur, 71 percent for urd, and 63 percent for mung. Among rabi pulses MSP for gram for MY 2014-15 was fixed at Rs. 3,100 per quintal and masur at Rs, 2,950 per quintal, although a modest increase over the MY 2013-14 level of Rs. 3,000 and Rs. 2,900 per quintal, nevertheless a massive increase of 76 percent and 58 percent, respectively, since 2010-11 (Figure 1).

Source: India’s Pulses Scenario National Council of Applied Economic Research New Delhi-2014

Figure 1: Trend in Minimum Support Prices for Pulses

7. PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF PULSES IN KARNATAKA:

Bengal gram, Tur, Horse gram, Black gram, Green gram, Cowpea and Avare are the principal pulses cultivated in the State. Compared to previous year, area of pulses increased from 24.8 to 27.9 lakh hectares. The area under Tur, Black gram, Green gram Cowpea increased during 2010-11 but the area under Avare and other pulses remains same. The increase in Tur was 48.3% followed by Green gram with 5.3%. During the year under review, yield of all the pulses is in increasing trend. Crop wise details are seen in Table 2.

Table-2. Area, Production and Productivity of Pulses in Karnataka 2010-11

Sl. No.	Crop	*Area (lakh hectares)**		Production (lakh tonnes)		Productivity
Sl. No.	Crop	2010-11	2009-10	2010-11	2009-10	2010-11	2009-10
1	Gram	9.6	9.7	6.1	5.6	667	603
2	Tur	8.9	6	5.2	2.8	617	487
3	Horse gram	2.2	2.3	1.3	1.1	624	524
4	Black gram	1.3	1.2	0.5	0.1	390	114
5	Green gram	4	3.8	1.1	0.5	289	133
6	Avare	0.8	0.8	0.7	0.5	858	724
7	Cowpea	1	0.9	0.4	0.4	470	423
8	Others	0.1	0.1	Neg	Neg	298	295
	Total	27.9	24.8	15.3	11	578	468

*- Area includes unauthorized cultivation area also Neg-Negligible Area under pulses was largest in Gulbarga (6.8 lakh hectares) followed by Bijapur (3.8 lakh hectares)

SOURCE: Report on Area, Production, Productivity and Prices of Agriculture Crops in Karnataka 2010-11 Directorates of Economics and Statistics Bangalore.

The area production and productivity of pulses were increased from 24.8 to 27.9 lakh hectares, 11.0 to 15.3 lakh tonnes and 468 to 578 Kgs/ hectare compared to 2009-10. This increase was mainly due to good rain and weather. The production recorded highest under pulses in Gulbarga (3.9 lakh tonnes) followed by Bijapur (2.2 lakh tonnes). Yield of pulses was highest in Kolara (1218 kgs per hectare) followed by Bangalore (Rural) (1146 kgs per hectare) and lowest in Uttara.Kannada (352 kgs per hectare).

8. PRODUCTION AND AREA OF PULSES IN KARNATAKA:

Table – 3

Sl. No	Name of the districts	Pulses
Sl. No	Name of the districts	Area	Produc-tion	Yield
1	BAGALKOT	144589	65808	479
2	BANGALORE(U)	4063	3323	861
3	BANGALORE(R)	8266	9001	1146
4	BELGAUM	107955	55350	540
5	BELLARY	88363	51343	612
6	BIDAR	207684	121877	618
7	BIJAPUR	381624	221195	610
8	CHAMARAJANAGAR	43662	26025	627
9	CHIKKABALLAPURA	19477	16458	889
10	CHICKMAGALUR	25557	17150	706
11	CHITRADURGA	52209	37442	755
12	D.KANNADA	3242	1413	459
13	DAVANGERE	16477	12211	780
14	DHARWAD	87910	52453	628
15	GADAG	152787	53104	366
16	GULBARGA	684094	390120	600
17	HASSAN	61619	30931	528
18	HAVERI	17114	7586	467
19	KODAGU	465	170	385
20	KOLAR	20742	23997	1218
21	KOPPAL	86260	42586	520
22	MANDYA	39153	23239	625
23	MYSORE	116992	61102	550
24	RAICHUR	179395	69108	406
25	RAMANAGARA	19298	13587	741
26	SHIMOGA	3105	1254	425
27	TUMKUR	67257	34141	534
28	UDUPI	5319	2389	473
29	U.KANNADA	1995	668	352
30	YADGIR	144389	87570	638
	STATE	2791062	1532601	578

SOURCE: Report on Area, Production, Productivity and Prices of Agriculture Crops in Karnataka 2010-11 Directorates of Economics and Statistics Bangalore

9. SUPPLY RESPONSIVENESS OF FARMERS CULTIVATING PULSES CROPS:

Table -3 shows that pulses area, production and productivity pulses majority growing geographical area 684094 hectares, production also highest in Gulbarga dist is particularly data 390120 m tonnes and highest yield Kolara (1218). Minimum geographical area 465 hectares and also Kodagu 170 production place equipped, minimum pulses yield also 352place a district of UttarKannada. And second highest production district of Bijapur. Middle Karnataka growing a average performance, north Karnataka growing highest production in Karnataka during 2010-11. And south Karnataka is 11% contribution of pulses production in the state.

10. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION:

The related objectives related Because of the high level of fluctuations in pulse production and prices (in the absence of an effective government price support mechanism) farmers are not very keen on taking up pulse cultivation despite high wholesale pulse prices in recent years. Nevertheless, improvement in yields, albeit modest, has contributed to higher pulse production in recent years, with most of the increase in pulse production in recent years in gram. Low pulse yield in Karnataka compared to other states is attributed to poor spread of improved varieties and Technologies, abrupt climatic changes, vulnerability to pests and diseases, and generally declining growth rate of total factor productivity.

Pulses nutrition consumption food that’s why the study suggests that improve pulses grown in Karnataka especially middle and south Karnataka Kodagu and Kolara district are very lowest productions of pulses but better production of north Karnataka especially Gulbarga, Bijapur and Bidar and Raichur, also better grow in Ballari dist. The most need farmers also improvement in agriculture. Pulses are the important crops in the farm production system as they add nitrogen in the soil and provide food and nutritional security to large number of vegetarian population. In comparison with the growth in production of food gains with the advent of green revolution the growth in production of pulses is rather disappointing and has led to a consequential rise in the prices of pulses.

11. REFERENCES:

1. L.R. Kumar, K. Srinivasa and S.R.K. Singh, “Technical Efficiency of Rice Farms under Irrigated Conditions of North West Himalayan Region–A Non-Parametric Approach”, Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.60, No3, July-September, 2005, pp.483-491.

2. M. Shivamurthy, L. Ramakrishna Rao, ShailajaHittalamani andM. T. Lakshminarayan, “Constraints of Farmers Cultivating Rainfed Paddy in Eastern Dry Zone of Karnataka”, Mysore Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol.42 (1), 2008,pp. 163-165.

3. B.R. Davidson and B.R. Martin, “The Relationship between Yields on Farms and in Experiments”, Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.9, No.2, December 1965, pp.129-1490.

4. K.K. Mokheyi, “Gap Analysis-An Effective Production Increase Concept in Rice, Summary of a Lecture Delivered at the State Leaven Training Meeting on Rice,held at Purila” Department of Agriculture West Bengal, India July, 1977.

5. Sunit Kumar and V.A. Bourai"Economic Analysis of Pulses Production Their Benefits and Constraints"(A Case Study of Sample Villages of Assam Valley Of Uttarakhand, India) IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSRJHSS) ISSN: 2279-0845 Volume 1, Issue 4 (Sep.-Oct. 2012), PP 41

6. PradumanKumar “Demand Projections for Food grains in India” Agricultural Economics Research Review Vol. 22 July-December 2009 pp 237-243.

7. Anil Kumar Singh “An Analysis of Oilseeds and Pulses Scenario in Eastern India during 2050-51”, Journal of Agricultural Science; Vol. 5, No. 1; 2013 ISSN 1916-9752E-ISSN 1916-9760 Published by Canadian Centre of Science and Education.

8. S.K. Srivastava, “Diagnosis of Pulses Performance of India” Agricultural Economics Research Review Vol. 23 January-June 2010 pp 137-148

9. K. Priyanka, Suresh “Comparative analysis of transplanted and dibbled method of red gram cultivation in Bidar district of Karnataka” Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 26 (2): (238-242) 2013.

10. Premakumara G. S, Ushering N. D. June 2013 “Financial Productivity of Agricultural Crops in Karnataka” Karnataka state.

11. Suhas L. Ketkar (1989) “Measurement of Inefficiency in Indian Agriculture – A Programming Model”, Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.44, No.3, July-Sep. p.25.

12. Swaminathan, M.S., “Avoiding an Unequal Social Burden”, The Hindu, July 6, 2006.

13. Patel N.T. (1982), “Inputs Productivity in Agriculture with an Emphasis on Irrigation and Farm Size”, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, pp.5-6.

14. Lipishree Das International Journal 0f English Language Index Peer Reviewed and Referred Journal Volume iii Issues X December 2015.

15. Anonymous, 2015, Economic survey of Karnataka, Govt of Karnataka, Bangalore.

16. Report on Area, Production, Productivity and Prices of Agriculture Crops in Karnataka 2010-11 Directorates of Economics and Statistics Bangalore India’s Pulses Scenario National Council of Applied Economic Research New Delhi-2014

Received on 24.03.2018 Modified on 18.04.2018

Asian Journal of Management. 2018; 9(3):1099-1104.

DOI: 10.5958/2321-5763.2018.00193.2