National Institute for the Empowerment of Persons with Intellectual Disability (Divyangjan) in India Training Programme: A Study

 

E. Saranya Devi¹, Dr S Rajamohan²

¹Research Scholar, Alagappa Institute of Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi Tamilnadu – India.

²Senior Professor and Director i/c, Alagappa Institute of Management, Alagappa University,

Karaikudi Tamilnadu-India.

 

ABSTRACT:

The government of India provides numerous support for the empowerment of Person With Disability. It gives special attention to the people with Intellectual disabilities by way of providing education, employment and so on. The National institute for the empowerment of person with Intellectual disability (NIEPID) is one of the major organization launched by the government of India. This organization is giving a handholding support, rehabilitation services, Educational services, creating employment opportunities, medical services and so on. This paper made an attempt to study about the NIEPID for long and short term courses offered to the PID. The Government has allotted a limited seats for each different course in different affiliated institutes, the seats get admitted by only a few candidates. People might unaware about the courses. This may be a reason for limited admission. This paper highlights the number of beneficiaries get befitted from the existing course reviewed by the existing data. The NIEPID taking the major role in providing special education courses for rehabilitate the mental disability people. Their important responsibilities make them to educate and to learn the psycho social consideration.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

The National Institute for the Empowerment of persons with Intellectual disability is also called as the National Institute of Mental Handicapped (NIMH) is a registered society constituted in 1984 as an advisory entity under the Ministry of Disability Empowerment (Divyangjan), Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India. It is an apex body that has three roles in the field of mental retardation training, study and services in the country. The Institute has made substantial progress over 32 years in the growth of capacity to assist people with mental retardation.

 

The Institute aims to organise, based on the latest technologies and recent trends in the field of new initiatives and breakthrough generation by research and development. In its various operations, the national and international partnerships entered into by the Institute represent the organisation's global characteristics. In compliance with the mandates of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), the Legislative Acts and the National Policy adopted for Persons with Disabilities, the NIEPID activities are scheduled. In order to have equality and integrity in the lives of people with a mental retardation, the NIEPID seeks to be an Institution for Excellence, based on high expectations in all its aspects, which is endorsed under ISO 9001-2008. In its efforts to enhance the quality of life for individuals with mental disorder, the NIEPID has advanced considerably in the creation of human capital, research and development and direct clinical services.

 

REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

Mr Mubashir Gul (2015) has clearly explained about diagnosing a child's mental impairment can lead to a variety of emotional reactions across the whole family and parents. The child's parental backwardness is a very stressful task because they feel a great deal of tension, anger and hopelessness. The study needs to identify early identifying steps and preventative techniques in order to prevent and control disability immediately by the parents.

 

Muhammad Iqbal¹, Muhammad A. Baig², Munir A. Bhinder³, Muhammad Y. Zahoor⁴ (2016) have stated about Mental delay is a heterogeneous category with a severe cognitive disability and development marked by defects in the brain structure or function. IQ is fewer than mentally retarded individuals. The prevalence of MR worldwide is 1-3 percent. MR is responsible for many different factors including environmental, genetic, malnutrition, alcohol intake during pregnancy, medication, and poverty. MR may also contribute to congenital brain dysfunctions and brain injury. MR syndrome, Down syndrome and metabolism disorders, such as PKU (Phenylketonuria) are among the major causes of MR birth.

 

Dr S Rajamohan and E. Saranya Devi (2019) have quantified nearby the (NHFDC) National Handicapped Finance and Development Corporation. The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment has established NHFDC as one the key concern, through delivering grants, managing aid, training and development initiatives, etc., the organization is helping the disabled people. The authors presented schemes and laws, reviewed by the government that authorized the individuals of disabilities in India.

 

A. Sathish and S. Rajamohan (2019) have evaluated the contributions made by medium and small scale industries in India. All these industries operate in low cost and they have very high potential for success. The study also clearly stated the role of industrial agencies in economic development and progress of India. The study categorically stated that they play a vital role in removing disparities among various classes of society. The study concluded that there is a need for creating various training centers and provide training and developmental assistance to these entrepreneurs. The study has also evaluated the contributions made by various entrepreneurial development agencies established by government in improving the standards of living of people through employment and economic development.

 

E. Saranya Devi and Dr. S Rajamohan (2020) have stated about the Industrialists with incapacities barriers that are facing in their business environment in a theoretical aspects. The paper stated their issues, problems and challenges faced by the entrepreneurs with impairment.

E. Saranya Devi, Dr.S. Rajamohan and S. Parthiban (2020) have stated that people with disabilities take part in agriculture activities in various developed countries such as the USA and Great Britain. The famous Agrability industries have especially introduced support technologies to people with impairments who wish to succeed on agriculture and will facilitate their activities in conjunction with their equipment. The authors have said that number of AT tools are supported and effective by people with disabilities for this agriculture sectors.

 

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:

1.     To understand the significance role about education of NIEPID in India.

2.     To explore the usage of long term and short term courses of NIEPID in India.

 

METHODOLOGY:

It is descriptive in nature. The data are collected from the existing journal, selective e-journal, official websites and so on. Hence it is secondary data source in nature.

 

Mental Disability:

Mental impairment is one of the most complicated human disorder in the world. It is a phenomenon of multidimensional bio-psycho - social considerations. It is a disorder for the trapped or incomplete development of the mind, which is defined particularly by the deficiency of abnormal skills manifest during the time of development, skills that contribute to overall intelligence, e.g. cognitive, language, motivational and social skills. It happened in pregnancy, by birth, accident, over stress and so on.

 

Table 1 People with mental impairment estimated by the 2011 Census India.

Table 1: Census of India 2011: Data on Disability
Disabled Population by Type of Disability in India: 2011
Type of Disability	Persons (In numbers)	Males (In numbers)	Females (In numbers)
Total Disability	26,810,557 (100percentage)	14,986,202 (55.90percent)	11,824,355 (44.10percent)
Mental Retardation	1,505,624	870,708 (57.83percent)	634,916 (42.17percent)

Figures in brackets indicate percentage to total. Data were collected from NIEPID website.

 

The number of individuals with different abilities in the country is 2.68 crores, according to the 2011 census of India. The number of individuals with mental retardation is estimated to be 1,505,624. It means that 124 individuals are mentally ill in every one lakh in our total population.

NIEPID designed numerous and diverse programmes at its inception to improve the quality of life of people with mental problems. The aims and goals of society have therefore been defined as follows:

 

1.   To perform, sponsor, organise or endorse research on all aspects of mental disability training and rehabilitation.

2.   The research into biomedical engineering leading to successful evaluation of aids/appropriate surgical or medical procedures or production of new aid should be funded, organised or subsidised.

3.   The education of trainees and educators, providing employment opportunity creating, therapists, specialists and other workers, which the Institute considers necessary in order to facilitate the education, training or rehabilitation of mentally disabled persons, shall be performed out or assisted.

 

From the above aims and objectives, the following functional objectives are evolved, At Secunderabad, Telangana, NIEPID has its headquarters. The Institute has six divisions, including Adult Independent Living, community Therapy and Project Management, Library and Knowledge Services, Medical Sciences, Social Therapy, and Special Education.

 

In New Delhi, Noida, Kolkata and Navi Mumbai, there are four Regional Centres. NIEPID has a New Delhi and Noida Model Special Educational Centre. Research center located in Gangtok and Sikkim. In January 2016, a Composite Regional Center was formed in Nellore and in Andhra Pradesh and it is functioning by the State Government premises.

 

Functioning of Regional Center (RC) in Educational Sector:

NIEPID RC introduced in 1986 at New Delhi, Kolkata, Navi Mumbai, Noida, Gangtok and Nellore The major aim is to provide the best educational services to the mental retardation people. They are providing two major long term courses with two year duration such as

1.     B.Ed Special Education (mental Disability)

2.     Diploma in Education (Special Education)

3.     One year Diploma in Vocational Rehabilitation (MR)

4.     Diploma in Early Childhood Special Education

 

It also carries out short-term services every year for emotionally delayed professionals. Furthermore, the facility offers for to facilitate the individuals with mental retardation. As part of their expansion and development function the centre operates awareness camps and training camps. The centre provides the local NGOs in the area of mental retardation with professional assistance. In 1990 the Center set up "ANKUR," a Facility for Early Development, for children under 5 years of age. RC, New Delhi also provides students from various technical colleges with funding for their internship.

 

Human Resource Management:

The creation of manpower is one of NIEPID's key goals, as the demand for professionals and resources to expand programmes for people with mental retardation is wide-ranging. To this end, NIEPID has until now drawn up and established 8 long-term academic programmes such as Diploma courses, Graduate, Post Graduate and M.Phil programme. In order to fulfil the criteria for grassroots and postgraduate research studies, NIEPID has administered training programmes for the period of the degree. In addition, certificates and short term training are administered to update the newest in-service applicants. The Rehabilitation Council of India (RCI) approves the long-term services and is affiliated with many national universities, but the certification and short term Courses of the Council of India are accepted as a condition for the Registers of RCI.

 

For the year 2018-19, a total of 224 candidates against 396 were enrolled in the NIEPID and their regional centres, and the entry data were displayed in a tabular format.

 

Table1: Enrolment Details of Long term courses from (2013-19)

S. No	Year	Courses	Intake Capacity	Enrolment with Percentage
1	2013-14	10	407	265 (65.1%)
2	2014-15	10	407	249 (61.2%)
3	2015-16	7	331	234 (70.6%)
4	2016-17	7	351	166 (47.3%)
5	2017-18	7	344	206 (59.8%)
6	2018-19	8	396	224 (56.5%)

Secondary source Data were obtained from NIEPID website. (MR)-Mental Retardation. (Figures in brackets indicate percentage of enrolment to intake capacity).

 

The above tabular column clearly explained the course offered such as M. Phil in Rehabilitation Psychology (MR), M.Ed in Special Education(MR), PG Diploma in Early Intervention, B.Ed in Special Education (MR), Diploma in Early Childhood Special Education (MR), D.Ed in Special Education, Diploma in Vocational Rehabilitation (MR) in different institutes such as Regional centers at New Delhi, Kolkata, Navi Mumbai, Noida, Gangtok, Nellore and Institutes HQs.

 

Pictorial Representation:

Details of courses offered then number of seats allotted and seats fulfilled by the candidate in year wise from 2013 to 2019. A total of 265 candidates with a strength of 407 have been registered in various courses for 2013-2014, the government allotted huge number of seats offered in that year but 65.1 percent only were filled in long term courses that is a total of 249 candidates with a strength of 407 were enrolled for pursuing the courses in 2014-2015 but 61.2 percent only were filled. A total of 234 candidates with a 70.6 percent strength of 331 have been registered in various courses for 2015-2016.

 

The graph has clearly explained the growth rate percentage of enrolment that candidate completed their specific courses offered in HQs and RC. In 2016-17 the percentage of enrolled candidate level was 47.3percent, it seems that candidate applying for their courses level is very low when compared to the previous year 70.6 percent in 2015-16. In 2017-18 academic year of enrolled candidate 206 with strength of 344, hence the percent level was 59.8 and again it drop down from 2018-19 with a 56.5 percent enrollment. The government is giving a good education opportunity for this disability people even they are struggling to come out from the circumstance.

 

Description of Academic Programme:

The various long term courses offered by the NIEPID in different place such as NIEPID-HQs, RCs, University Affiliation such as Mumbai University, Osmania University, West Bengal State University, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and their details of the long term courses, its usage is listed in briefly.

 

1.       M.Phil (Rehabilitation Psychology):

This is a 2-year course of study affiliated with Hyderabad University in Osmania. The aim of this course is to develop top-level clinical professionals who can train master trainers and perform psychiatric studies and provide extensive programmes and mentally retarded individuals and other disabled people. The course provides research on neurobiology, psychiatry, special education, pathology of speech, physiotherapy, physical therapy and recovery of societies.

 

 

Table 2: Seat allotment and occupied by the Intellectual Disability for M.Phil in Rehabilitation Psychology

S No.	Year	Institute of M.Phil Rehabilitation Psychology	Intake	Enrolment with Percentage
1	2015-16	M.Phil in Rehabilitation psychology (NIEPID HQS)	14	8 (57.1%)
2	2016-17	M.Phil in Rehabilitation psychology (NIEPID HQS)	14	14 (100%)
3	2017-2018	M.Phil in Rehabilitation psychology (NIEPID HQS)	14	14 (100%)
4	2018-19	M.Phil in Rehabilitation psychology (NIEPID HQS)	14	14 (100%)

Secondary data were obtained from NIEPID website. (Figures in brackets indicate percentage of enrolment to intake capacity).

Mphil Programme in Rehabilitation Psychology, there are only 14 seats are available in every year. A total of 8 candidates with a strength of 14 have been registered in this courses for 2015-2016 the government allotted only a limited number of seats offered in that year but 57.1 percent only were filled in long term courses. Remaining all the years 100 percent of the seats were filled.

 

Special Education – M.Ed

M.Ed. is a two-year special education course (mental disability) at the University of Osmania, Hyderabad aims to develop specialist teaching professionals. Last 4 years of M.Ed programme seat allotment and occupied by the candidate data in numbers were displayed in table 3.

 

Table 3: Seat allotment and occupied by the Intellectual Disability for M.Ed Special Education

S. No.	Year	Intake	Enrolment with Percentage
1	2015-16	25	17 (68%)
2	2016-17	25	0
3	2017-18	25	9(36%)
4	2018-19	25	7 (28%)

Secondary data were obtained from NIEPID website. (Figures in brackets indicate percentage of enrolment to intake capacity).

 

A total of 17 candidates with a strength of 25 have been registered in this courses for 2015-2016 and next year it was in nill position. In 2016-17 academic year no one has been registered in this courses. It seems the people may not aware about this course. The government and the particular university/institute should create more awareness about the courses offer to the public.

 

PG in Diploma in Early Intervention (PGDEI):

If children with developmental disorders are diagnosed early and if their professional services are made early, they will be significantly improved. The programmes provide a balanced transdisciplinary approach to infants, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy and family intervention. This course has affiliate to the Osmania University, Hyderabad.

 

Table 4: Seat allotment and occupied Seat by the Intellectual Disability for PGDEI

S No.	Year	Intake	Enrolment with Percentage
1	2015-16	20	5 (25%)
2	2016-17	20	0
3	2017-18	20	5 (25%)
4	2018-19	20	8 (40%)

Secondary data were obtained from NIEPID website. (Figures in brackets indicate percentage of enrolment to intake capacity).

 

A total of 5 candidates with a strength of 20 have been registered in this courses for 2015-2016 and next year it was in nill position. In 2016-17 academic year no one has been registered in this courses. It seems the people may not aware about his course. In 2017-18 slightly increased their admission at 25 percent. In 2018-19, total of 20 with the seat allotment of 8 candidate have been registered in this course. This seems that government need to advertise their existing schemes to the people.

 

B.Ed Special Education(MR)

B.Ed leads NIEPID for two years because skilled teachers at various levels are required. Osmania University- the Regional Center of Osmania, RC- Kolkata affiliated to West Bengal State University, Regional Centre, Navi Mumbai associated to Mumbai University and Regional Centre, New Delhi associated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University at Delhi.

 

Table 5: Details of allocation and admission of the students

S. No	Long term courses	University Affliation	2015-16
			Intake	Enrolment with Percentage
1	B.Ed in Special Education(MR)-NIEPID HQs	Osmania University	25	21  (84%)
2	B.Ed in Special Education(MR)- Navi Mumbai	Mumbai University	25	13 (52%)
3	B.Ed in Special Education(MR)-Kolkata	West Bengal State University	30	30 (100%)
4	B.Ed in Special Education(MR)-Noida	Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University	25	25(100%)

 

CONTINUE

 

2016-2017		2017-18		2018-19
Intake	Enrolment with Percentage	Intake	Enrolment with Percentage	Intake	Enrolment with Percentage
25	20 (80%)	25	15 (60%)	30	28 (93.3%)
25	7 (28%)	25	5 (20%)	25	11 (44%)
25	18 (72%)	30	19 (63.3%)	30	26 (86.6%)
0	0	25	25 (100%)	30	27 (90%)

Secondary data were obtained from NIEPID website. (Figures in brackets indicate percentage of enrolment to intake capacity).

 

Table6: Details of allocation and admission for the candidate for Early Childhood Special Education

S No	Long term courses	University Affliation	2015-16		2016-2017	2017-18		2018-19
			Intake	Intake	Enrolment with Percentage	Intake	Enrolment with Percentage	Intake	Enrolment with Percentage
1	Diploma in Early Childhood Special Education (MR)	NIEPID-HQs	25	25	0	25	19(76%)	25	6(24%)
2	Diploma in Early Childhood Special Education (MR)	RC-Navi mumbai (NIEPID)	25	25	7(28%)	25	7(28%)	25	7 (28%)

Secondary data Source were obtained from NIEPID website. (Figures in brackets indicate percentage of enrolment to intake capacity).

 

Each year there is a seats allotment and admission of students into this course. The government should advertise about their existing schemes in Television, FM, Newspaper and so on. People should be aware about this schemes. It will be a handholding support to the Mental Disability people and their parents.

 

Diploma in Early Childhood Special Education (Mental Retardation)

Early Childhood Special Education (ECSE) focuses on children under the age of 6 years and has different training modes and methods depending on the target team's ability. This includes human resources training to meet the families by becoming a home guest or travelling instructor to manage by giving regular or unique pre-school of children with disabilities. Diploma in Early Childhood Education is provided in the regional centre, NIEPID, Secunderabad and Navi Mumbai.

 

D.Ed. Special Education (Mental Retardation)

This two-year certificate course is designed for the preparation of special teachers who are qualified to screen, examine, educate and prepare mentally disabled children and similar disabilities. The exam was nominated by RCI and passed on to NIEPID, Secunderabad.

 

Table 7: Details of allocation and admission of the students for the Diploma in Special Education from (2015- 19)

S.No	Long term courses	University Affliation	2015-16		2016-2017		2017-18		2018-19
			Intake	Enrolment	Intake	Enrolment	Intake	Enrolment	Intake	Enrolment
1	D.Ed Special Education (MR)	RC-Noid (NIEPID)	30	30 (100%)	30	30  (100%)	30	30 (100%)	30	27 (100%)
2	D.Ed Special Education (MR)	NIEPID-HQs	0	0	25	20 (80%)	25	19 (76%)	25	12 (48%)
3	D.Ed Special Education (MR)	RC- Kolkat (NIEPID)	31	30 (96.7%)	31	23 (74.1%)	25	25 (100%)	27	27 (100%)

Secondary data Source were obtained from NIEPID website. (Figures in brackets indicate percentage of enrolment to intake capacity).

 

 

Table 8: Details of allocation and admission of the students for Diploma in Vocational Rehabilitation

S No	Long term courses	University Affliation	2015-16		2016-2017		2017-18		2018-19
			Intake	Enrolment	Intake	Enrolment	Intake	Enrolment	Intake	Enrolment
1	Diploma in Vocational Rehabilitation (MR)	RC-Navi Mumbai (NIEPID)	25	10 (40%)	25	--	--	--	--	--
2	Diploma in Vocational Rehabilitation (MR)	RC- Kolkata (NIEPID)	31	10 (32.25%)	31	6 (19.35%)	25	6 (24%)	25	0
3	Diploma in Vocational Rehabilitation (MR)	NIEPID-HQs	0	0	25	7(28%)	25	8(32%)	25	0

Secondary Data source were obtained from NIEPID website. (Figures in brackets indicate percentage of enrolment to intake capacity).

 

In this data clearly defined as Noida has fulfilled their seat allotment in every year. In this last academic period only 3 seats were not kept enrollment. In NIEPID- HQs were not launched this programme in the year of 2015-16. Their admission is fluctuating up and down. They have to be admitted and fulfill their allotted seats.

 

Diploma in Vocational Rehabilitation:

The course is held at NIEPID the HQ in- Secunderabad and the regional centres are in Kolkata and Navi Mumbai. It trains the trained instructors in the field of mental disability.

 

In this table explained that very few people were showing interest to study this course. It is difficult to rehabilitate the mental disability even the government is taking a major challenges to giving opportunity to provides and protect this mental disability people.

 

Short-Term Courses:

The Short-term Programme (STPs) are specifically tailored for vocational training and rehabilitation workers and individuals with mental retardation. During the year 2018-19 the STP taken into 71 training programmes usually conducted for three to five days or few more experts registered with RCI are equivalent to Continuing Rehabilitation Education(CRE) programme of RCI, some of the training course are listed as Certificate courses of Psychological Assessment, Application of Science and Technology in vocational training and employment, Training of parents of PWID, Communication Aspects on autism, Training programme on SC/ST professional and so on.

 

Table 8: The Programme versus professionals’ ratio is as follows:

Year	Programmes	Professionals	Ratio
2017-18	67	1813	1:27
2018-19	71	1660	1:24

Secondary data source data retrived from NIEPIDwebsite

 

This Short-term programme, typically for one week or more of RCI registered practitioners are equal to Continuing Rehabilitation Education (CRE) Programme of Rehabilitation Council of India.

 

CONCLUSION:

The Indian government of Ministry of Social justice and empowerment has launched extremely wonderful schemes for the MR people, providing equal opportunities of education, training, workplace and participation in social, cultural and political life. This department introduced different number of programme that really facilitate to the people with mental impairment. This system is used by just a few people educational support. The government therefore needs to build awareness of the schemes, practices, functions for these people to give much more attention through the media such as newspapers, magazines, camps, job fairs and so on. Only limited people are practicing with this educational system. The government is giving special attention to their mental disabled people parents education to care about their children. This department also offers facilities like schools, colleges, skill development practices, vocational training programmes, employment courses, research and development activities, counselling services, development of table calendar design programme, practicing indoor and outdoor games and so on and they tie up with different department such as HRD ministries, Skill Development Entrepreneurship (MSDE), Broad casting and so on. Each ministries are ready to facilitate in various activities for this type of people. The working officers are taking many efforts and initiatives for this PID and doing successful teamwork in our nation and making proud to the nation.

 

REFERENCES:

1.      Muhammad Iqbal¹, Muhammad A. Baig², Munir A. Bhinder³, Muhammad Y. Zahoor⁴ (2016), Factors Causing Mental Retardation, Asian Journal of Natural & Applied Sciences, ISSN: 2186-8476, Vol. 5(3) September 2016

2.      Mr. Mubashir Gull (2015), Mental Retardation: Early Identification and Prevention, The International Journal of Indian Psychology ISSN 2349-3429, Volume 2, Issue 3,pp:

3.      S. Rajamohan and E. Saranya devi (2019). An Appraisal of NHFDC’s schemes for differently abled people in India, Zenith International Journal Of Business Economics And Management Research, ISSN 2249- 8826 ZIJBEMR, Vol.9 (10), October (2019),pp. 1-10.

4.      Sathish, A., & Rajamohan, S. (2019). Simple seasonal time series analysis forecasting model–Indian MSME in 2020. ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 9(5), pp: 46-55.

5.      E. Saranya Devi and Dr S Rajamohan (2020), Differently Abled Entrepreneurs in India-Evolving issues and challenges, TEST Engineering and Management, ISSN-0193-4120, vol (82),pp:9257-9261.

6.      E. Saranya Devi, Dr S Rajamohan and S Parthiban (2020), “Supporting Technologies for Differently Able People in Farming Activities”, Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, ISSN No: 1006-7930, Volume XII, Issue IV, 2020, pp. 1788-1797.

7.      Dr S Rajamohan, E. Saranya Devi and A. Sathish (2020),” Barriers Of Differently Abled Entrepreneurs In Sivaganga Districts: A Factor Analysis, International Journal Of Scientific and Technology Research Volume 9- Issue 02- February 2020, ISSN 2277-8616,Pp-3990.

8.      Sathish and S. Rajamohan, (2019) “Entrepreneurial Strategies of MSME for the Sustainable Development in India”, Science, Technology and Development, 8 (12), pp. 310-322.

9.      S. Rajamohan and A. Sathish, (2020) “Entrepreneurial Opportunities for the Sustainable Development of Madurai Tourism,” International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8 (15) pp.1597-1604.

10.   http://niepid.nic.in

11.   Dr S Rajamohan and E. Saranya Devi, Entrepreneurial Education For Differently Abled People In India, International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 05, 2020, ISSN: 1475-7192,pp. 8922-8930

12.   Dr S Rajamohan and E. Saranya Devi,”Roles And Responsibility Of The National Institute For The Empowerment Of Person With Visual Disabilities In India: A Study”, International Journal of Management, (IJM) Volume 11, Issue 9, September 2020, pp. 408-417, Article ID: IJM_11_09_038.

 

 

Accepted on 02.01.2021           ©AandV Publications All right reserved