INTRODUCTION:

Though the term “gig economy” is relatively new, these non-traditional work arrangements have been around a long time. A study by the American Staffing Association found that the majority of Americans (78%) see the gig economy as a new way to describe the participation of this longstanding independent workforce.

Musicians often refer to performing at a place as taking on a “gig.” The gig economy works much the same way. Instead of a traditional, in-office, full-time job with a single company, gig workers work as short-term, temporary, or independent contractors for one or a variety of employers (though they are not employers in the traditional sense).

A gig economy is a free market system in which temporary positions are common and organizations hire independent workers for short-term commitments. The term "gig" is a slang word for a job that lasts a specified period of time; it is typically used by musicians. Examples of gig employees in the workforce could include work arrangements such as freelancers, independent contractors, project-based workers and temporary or part-time hires.

In a gig economy, temporary, flexible jobs are commonplace and companies tend to hire independent contractors and freelancers instead of full-time employees. A gig economy undermines the traditional economy of full-time workers who rarely change positions and instead focus on a lifetime career.

In a gig economy, large numbers of people work in part-time or temporary positions or as independent contractors. The result of a gig economy is cheaper, more efficient services, such as Uber or Airbnb, for those willing to use them. People who don't use technological services such as the Internet may be left behind by the benefits of the gig economy.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES:

· To understand the mechanism of Gig economy

· To find out the factors that are responsible for emergence of the gig economy

· To study the relationship between the level of unemployment and the growth the gig economy

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

The paper is based on the secondary data and the information has been collected from various websites, research papers, research reports and newspaper details.

LITERATURE REVIEW:

If we take a look at the Journal of the European Union, the gig economy stands for initiatives based on contingent work that is transacted on a digital marketplace. The UE speaks of it as part of a bigger concept that is the sharing economy (SE). According to this source, the SE encompasses two main categories. One that’s about the on-demand economy, of which the gig economy is part, together with the access economy, this latter standing for initiatives with business models where goods and services and traded under the principle of access rather when ownership. And the second category, called pooling economy, where SE initiatives are collectively owned (communing) or where there’s a peer-to-peer approach and users are involved in the design of the productive process (collaborative).

In easier words, the gig economy is about individuals selling their skills to all-size companies, on a part-time basis, for the short-term and being paid per assignment. The sharing economy is a wider concept that comprises the gig economy and where people share both skills and assets, using large scale digital technology and data collection.

No matter what industry a gig worker is in, the gig economy consists of small tasks that the worker completes. These tasks can be anything from getting groceries to writing code. A gig worker can opt to work for a set amount of hours (like choosing a shift) or work by the project. Once the task or shift is complete, the worker moves on to the next gig. That might be another task with the same company, or something entirely different with another company.

In most cases, the shifts or projects are flexible. A gig worker might have a day job where they work a traditional 9-to-5 job, and then a second “gig job” from 5-to-9 at night. Or, a gig worker might work multiple “gigs” to create a full-time job, but on a flexible or alternative schedule. Gig workers can also choose to work from 9-to-5.

While many people think that the “company” is an employer, in the gig economy, that is not the case. Many companies that utilize gig workers do not employ the gig worker. The company is merely the “connector,” bringing contractors and clients together.

Consumers may participate in the gig economy as a matter of convenience, as with ride-sharing or food delivery apps. Others may participate in it in terms of entertainment, as with concert-goers. Others still, may participate in the gig economy as a potential alternative to non-gig products or industries. For example, a person may choose to stay at an Airbnb instead of a hotel. There have been many popular gig-based services, including ridesharing apps like Uber or food delivery services like Swiggy. However, in 2020, the gig economy began changing how customers use these services due to COVID-19.

A survey was conducted by the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy and The Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research in 2020 about how consumer attitudes changed regarding ride-hailing and delivery services. The survey found a divide in user base. Americans with higher incomes were more likely to use these delivery services to help reduce their risk of infection. Regarding customers who previously used ride-hailing services, 63% said they had not used the service since March of 2020, and 54% said they feel uncomfortable using a ride-hailing service during the COVID-19 outbreak. With the presumable loss of customers, however, the percentage of individuals using delivery services remained approximately the same. This could've been caused because those who cut back on these services because of comfort and cost was balanced by some users, increasing their reliance on these services. Additionally, people with higher household incomes had more groceries delivered to their homes at this time. Households with incomes of about $100,000 a year were about twice as likely to have increased their use of grocery delivery services, AP reported.

Reasons behind the emergence of the gig economy:

There has been a trend toward a gig economy in recent years. There are a number of forces behind the rise in short-term jobs. For one, the workforce is becoming more mobile and work can increasingly be done remotely via digital platforms. As a result, job and location are being decoupled. That means that freelancers can select among temporary jobs and projects around the world, while employers can select the best individuals for specific projects from a larger pool than what's available in any given area.

Digitization has also contributed directly to a decrease in jobs as software replaces some types of work to maximize time efficiency. Other influences include financial pressures on businesses leading to a flexible workforce and the entrance of the millennial generation into the labor market. People tend to change jobs several times throughout their working lives, especially millennials, and the gig economy can be seen as an evolution of that trend.The gig economy is part of a shifting cultural and business environment that also includes the sharing economy, the gift economy and the barter economy.

America is well on its way to establishing a gig economy, and estimates show as much as a third of the working population is already in some gig capacity. Experts expect this working number to rise, as these types of positions facilitate independent contracting work, with many of them not requiring a freelancer to come into an office. Gig workers are much more likely to be part-time workers and to work from home.¹

Employers also have a wider range of applicants to choose from because they don't have to hire someone based on their proximity. Additionally, computers have developed to the point that they can either take the place of the jobs people previously had or allow people to work just as efficiently from home as they could in person.

In the modern digital world, it's becoming increasingly common for people to work remotely or from home. This trend accelerated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Economic reasons also factor into the development of a gig economy. Employers who cannot afford to hire full-time employees to do all the work that needs to be done will often hire part-time or temporary employees to take care of busier times or specific projects.

On the employee's side of the equation, people often find they need to move or take multiple positions to afford the lifestyle they want. It's also common to change careers many times throughout a lifetime, so the gig economy can be viewed as a reflection of this occurring on a large scale.

During the coronavirus pandemic of 2020, the gig economy has experienced significant increases as gig workers have delivered necessities to home-bound consumers, and those whose jobs have been eliminated have turned to part-time and contract work for income. Employers will need to plan for changes to the world of work, including the gig economy, when the pandemic has ended.

Companies, gig workers and consumers all make up the gig economy. The types of organizations that the gig economy can apply to, range from technical positions, to transportation positions.

There isn't a single profile for who gig economy workers tend to be. However, these workers can include freelancers, independent contractors, project-based workers and temporary or part-time hires. Gig workers are generally not easy to identify in surveys about employment and earnings, but reportedly, less than half of these workers rely on gigs as their primary source of income. Some studies have shown that men tend to take more labor-based gigs and try to rely on this for income, while women will be more likely to take sales or marketing gigs for supplemental income.

Common Gig Economy Jobs and Industries:

Gig economy jobs may include multiple positions found in common industries that hire gig workers. For example:

· IT gigs may include freelance work for information security engineer and network Analyst jobs.

· Software development gigs can include DevOps engineers and UX

· Freelance writer gigs may include gigs for content writer and copywriter jobs.

· Accounting and finance freelance gigs can include independent consultants and mortgage representatives.

· Transportation jobs can include ride-share drivers.

· Construction gigs can include carpenters and other construction workers.

· Art and design gigs can include musicians or graphic design

· Administrative gigs can include pharmacy technician and design administrative assistant jobs.

· Media and communications gigs can include technical writers and photographers.

· Education gigs can include substitute instructors and tutors.

· Project management gigs can include project or office manager jobs.

· Event management gigs

A wide variety of positions fall into the category of a gig. The work can range from driving for Lyft or delivering food to writing code or freelance articles. Adjunct and part-time professors, for example, are contracted employees as opposed to tenure-track or tenured professors. Colleges and universities can cut costs and match professors to their academic needs by hiring more adjunct and part-time professors.

Pinning down the exact number of people who work in the gig economy is difficult. Since the term “gig worker” covers a number of worker statuses—freelancer, temporary worker, and contract worker can all be a part of the gig economy—it’s hard to define who is and is not a gig worker.

Men and women participate equally in the gig economy, but there are differences in what kinds of gigs they take on. Men are more likely to pursue labor gigs while women are more likely to work for direct marketing gigs or sell goods online. More men than women rely on gig work for full-time income. Women tend to work part-time or for supplemental income. As new technologies continue to facilitate workforce collaboration and make working anywhere, anytime possible on a global scale, expect to see a lot more people experiencing the pleasures and pains of the gig economy. And, from a legislation standpoint, there’s far more to unfold.

Perks of the Gig Economy:

In a gig economy, businesses save resources in terms of benefits, office space and training. They also have the ability to contract with experts for specific projects who might be too high-priced to maintain on staff. From the perspective of the freelancer, a gig economy can improve work-life balance over what is possible in most jobs. Ideally, the model is powered by independent workers selecting jobs that they're interested in, rather than one in which people are forced into a position where, unable to attain employment, they pick up whatever temporary gigs they can land.

· Flexibility:

The most obvious gig work pro is flexibility. As a gig worker, you get to choose when and where you work, which clients you take on (and which ones you don’t), and even set your rates in some situations. You can choose to work only weekends, only nights, or only one hour a week if you like.

· Test Drive Something New:

Gig work is something some people do for additional income. But for other people, it’s a way to test-drive a new career. For example, if you love pets and have thought about becoming a pet sitter, gig work as a dog walker or pet sitter is a great way to dip your toes in the water and see how much you love—or hate—doing it. Being a gig worker allows you to explore a passion and see if it’s something more than a passing fancy, without losing your primary source of income.

Issues with the Gig Economy:

Despite its benefits, there are some downsides to the gig economy. While not all employers are inclined to hire contracted employees, the gig economy trend can make it harder for full-time employees to develop in their careers since temporary employees are often cheaper to hire and more flexible in their availability. Workers who prefer a traditional career path and the stability and security that come with it are being crowded out in some industries.

· Lack of benefits may be the biggest downside. A gig worker won't have health insurance or other benefits they would get from working as full-time employee

· By labeling workers as independent contractors, a hiring organization will not need to pay those workers minimum wage, deliver benefits or pay for overtime.

· Work-life balance can be disrupted if the worker isn't used to making their own schedules.

· Because temporary employees are cheaper to hire, the gig economy may make it harder for full-time employees to develop their careers.

· Inconsistent income can also be an issue. Having enough work to maintain a stable income from gigs can be a continuous worry in terms of job security.

· Taking on too many gigs may also add to difficulties in scheduling and may lead to burnout.

· It will be more difficult to maintain relationships between workers, employers, and clients in the long term.

For some workers, the flexibility of working gigs can actually disrupt the work-life balance, sleep patterns, and activities of daily life. Flexibility in a gig economy often means that workers have to make themselves available any time gigs come up, regardless of their other needs, and must always be on the hunt for the next gig. Competition for gigs has increased during the pandemic, too. And unemployment insurance usually doesn't cover gig workers who can't find employment.

In effect, workers in a gig economy are more like entrepreneurs than traditional workers. While this may mean greater freedom of choice for the individual worker, it also means that the security of a steady job with regular pay, benefits—including a retirement account—and a daily routine that has characterized work for generations are rapidly becoming a thing of the past.

Lastly, because of the fluid nature of gig economy transactions and relationships, long-term relationships between workers, employers, clients, and vendors can erode. This can eliminate the benefits that flow from building long-term trust, customary practice, and familiarity with clients and employers. It could also discourage investment in relationship-specific assets that would otherwise be profitable to pursue since no party has an incentive to invest significantly in a relationship that only lasts until the next gig comes along.

The gig economy has been around for a long time, even if most people don’t realize it. Even though it’s nothing new, the gig economy isn’t for everybody. While the advantages of flexibility and being your own boss are tempting, those don’t always outweigh the disadvantages of inconsistent pay or a loss of benefits. However, if you want to test a new job or add some extra income to your bottom line every month, a gig job may be the right choice for you.

The Great Indian Gig:

Disruptions caused by the pandemic forced many to turn into gig workers. This year’s Economic Survey noted India becoming one of the world’s largest flexi-staffing or “gig-work” economies thanks to the emergence of digital technology. In her recent Budget speech, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman proposed the creation of a database of gig workers to allow them access social security benefits.

Various estimates peg the number of gig workers, or freelancers who take up short-term assignments and often multiple assignments simultaneously, at close to 3 million in a workforce of around 500 million.

The disruptions caused by Covid-19 resulted in millions of job losses, forcing many to turn into gig workers almost overnight. But almost a year after the upheavals caused by the lockdown, there is limited understanding of the nature of India’s gig economy and its profound impact on the labour market. Data from some of the largest online gig work aggregators and jobtech start-ups in India point to several interesting trends that could potentially shape the future of India’s employment landscape.

The Digital Demand:

During the pandemic, the maximum demand for gig workers was for jobs such as last-mile delivery of essential goods, creation, moderation and cataloguing of digital content, telesales and operations management, and online proctoring or remote online exam invigilation, a wholly new category of gig work in the Covid-19 era.

According to data captured by Workex, a Bengaluru-based jobtech start-up that has more than 8 lakh gig workers enrolled on its platform, the massive reverse migration of blue-collar workers from big cities resulted in a massive drop in the availability of labour. During the lockdown, for each gig assignment posted on its website, there were only eight applicants.

Before the lockdown, the ratio was a whopping 33 for every job. Currently, with the labour force coming back to the big cities, the ratio hovers around 26 applicants per job. By May 2020, the labour demand on its platform had dropped to 30 per cent of what it used to be pre-lockdown.

Blue-collar work is almost entirely a local demand-supply market. Businesses prefer blue-collar workers who live closest to their pin codes. During the lockdown, two factors contributed to a drop in the availability of labour. Workers went back to their home towns in droves and those living in the same big cities were fearful of travelling long distances to take up an assignment. The matchmaking between demand and supply had become very difficult,” explains Nimish Sharma, CEO and co-founder, Workex.

On its digital platform, Workex lists gig jobs from over 500 cities, but in the pre-pandemic days, nearly 60 per cent of the assignments came from companies in Delhi, Maharashtra and Karnataka and it shrank to 36 per cent at the peak of the lockdown. The job postings from Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Bihar soared to 35 per cent during the lockdown from 16 per cent in “peace time”, indicating the fact that migrant workers took along with them jobs to their home states.

Technology has changed a lot the way our economy and society work. We now communicate, travel, bank, play, meet new people, and work, differently. And the labor market isn’t made of stable or permanent jobs where workers make out a career inside a company anymore.

Today, we have the gig economy of temporary or contracted employment, where freelancers’ skills hired for projects with an on-demand basis. These experts can be considered freelance workers, virtual or remote workers, consultants or even independent contractors, depending on the industry. They allow companies to momentarily close their skills gap with their external expertise to cover projects with limited duration.

This is good, from one side, to independent workers who can manage their time, the projects they work on and travel while working. From the employer’s side, they can select the best people for the job from a large pool of candidates. This selection process, as well as the payment, is both, quite easy, and safe, thanks to digital platforms. They’re the ones allowing jobs and location to be decoupled and giving freelancers the opportunity to work from anywhere in the world, on a diverse number of projects, with clients from different geographies.

Awign, another Bengaluru-based digital gigs start-up, employs a wholly different model. It’s not a job listing platform. Instead, it contracts large chunks of projects from companies big and small and executes by parcelling out small fractions of a large task to thousands of gig workers. When the lockdown came into effect, the company lost 95 per cent of its revenues because it relied heavily on the hospitality, travel and mobility industries. A swift pivot to other industry sectors helped the company stay afloat.

“A few months into the lockdown, we forayed into digital gigs — online content creation, invigilation and last-mile delivery,” says Annanya Sarthak, the 28-year-old CEO and co-founder of Awign. With nearly 8 lakh gig workers on its platform, Awign claims to have utilised the services of more than 90,000 workers.

About a third of those enrolled on its platform are college students, a similar number of workers who have lost regular employment, and the rest housewives, retired workers and housewives looking to augment their receding household incomes. In the nine months since the pandemic, more than 2.5 lakh gig workers have executed nearly 2 million digital tasks for Awign. In January 2021 alone, nearly 2,500 gig workers helped in creating 1,25,000 pieces of digital content every day, including videos and audio clips.

“With the need for digital transformation becoming a necessity for businesses during the pandemic, everyone recognises the importance of content in every chain of operation, be it sales, marketing or training. That’s why we are witnessing an explosion in the demand for digital content gigs,” adds Sarthak. Both Awign and Workex claim that during the pandemic, the average salary of a gig worker on digital platforms increased from Rs. 10,000-15,000 to Rs. 15,000-20,000.

New Opportunities:

The ability to break down complex digital projects into a series of tiny, repeatable tasks allows Awign to employ a large team of remotely-located gig workers who can execute them after undergoing a training session that lasts about an hour.

A new line of revenue for digitally savvy gig workers and platforms has emerged in the form of exam invigilation. In a country of India’s size, educational institutions, the various arms of government and the private sector together conduct close to a million tests and exams annually. During the pandemic, most of the exams went online and yet needed the kind of invigilation that’s required in a physical setting.

“Anyone who is a graduate with decent communication skills and access to a camera-enabled computer could be an invigilator. It entails monitoring of exam takers to ensure there is no wrongdoing and answering simple questions that candidates may have such as whether a scientific calculator could be used. Exam proctoring can pay as much as ₹500 per test session,” explains Sarthak.

India has become one of the largest markets for flexi staffing in the world due to the wider adoption of e-commerce and online retailing, according to the Economic Survey 2020-21 tabled in Parliament on Friday. The increasing role of the gig economy was evident through the significant growth of online retail businesses during the Covid-19 induced lockdown, the survey pointed out.

“During the period of Covid-19 induced lockdown, the increasing role of the gig economy was evident with significant growth of online retail business,” the survey said. The lockdown period also saw employers trimming staff and engaging freelancers to reduce their overhead costs, it added. Contracts for gig workers are typically shorter and more specific to a task or job and the gig economy allows for flexibility in employer-employee relationships, it said. Digital platforms, it said, have emerged as enablers of employment creation, with job seekers and job providers connecting with each other more easily in the absence of middlemen.

Relationship between Unemployment and Worker Participation in Gig Economy:

While there are more and more studies on the gig economy as a whole, little has been done to study the relationship between the gig economy and unemployment.

A paper titled “Unemployment and Worker Participation in the Gig Economy: Evidence from An Online Labor Market” showed that for every 1% increase in the unemployment rate of a given county, the participation on the gig platforms (the number of new workers joining) increases by over 15%. A recent article also showed something along these lines. When unemployment rates are going higher and fewer businesses are hiring, some people may feel it is the only or easiest opportunity available to them to pay their bills.

A more recent study by an economist at the Dallas Fed looked at the impact of the gig economy and e-commerce on the Philips curve. One of the key findings in that paper was that the large number of people joining the gig economy did bring down the unemployment rate. But the paper really looks at both the effects of the rise of e-commerce and the gig economy to explain part of a low inflation rate as well as part of a lower unemployment rate.

India's unemployment rate increased to 6.9 per cent in February 2021 from 6.53 per cent in the previous month, according to latest data released by private think-tank Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE). The data showed that unemployment rate in urban areas declined despite a rise in joblessness rate on a national level. The rural areas, however, saw surge in unemployment during the month under review. The urban unemployment rate dropped to 6.99 in February from 8.08 in January 2021, while rural unemployment rate rose to 6.86 per cent from 5.83 per cent in the previous month.

With the long-held scepticism regarding a gig workforce’s efficiency and dependability been wiped out by the pandemic- induced remote work regime, more and more corporates are comfortable hiring this new breed of talented people. The present coronavirus pandemic has changed the way businesses are conducted not only in India but all across the world. Due to the forced work from remote culture, many companies are realising its advantage on stressed cash flow. Many companies have remodelled their operations as per business continuity plan and prefer to hire freelance talent under the given market scenario.

While the model has been slowly accepted by employers, employee and government, this sector observes lot of skill gaps. Constant upskilling and reskilling will be required for such talents to stay industry relevant and market ready.

Rapid digitalization has led to the disruption in the labour market. Technology here plays an important role in galvanising the scope of independent work regardless of the geographical boundaries. Independence of the project as well as flexibility of work hours has become the new work mantra which has redefined the meaning of labour.

In the present scenario, India stands to lose around 135 million jobs due to the pandemic. Many of them could be guided towards building skill sets to suit freelance work opportunities and be a part of this growing flex or gig economy.

A gig worker gets the freedom to work for several employers at the same time while retaining his freedom. It is a shift from a regular 9-5 job to an on-demand kind of work, where the worker also gets the freedom to choose his remuneration. It gives the workforce the freedom to accommodate both the work and family along with the preference to choose the projects that suit them best.

However, the gig economy is still at a nascent stage in India and marred by several challenges. Industry bodies have been conducting several studies on this parallel economy and just before the advent of the pandemic had predicted India’s gig economy to grow at a compounded annual growth rate of 17 per cent to touch $455 billion in the next three years.

India at present has around 15 million freelance workers engaged in projects in sectors like IT, HR, and designing. In comparison, there are almost 53 million independent workers in the US. The present Covid-19 scenario would push more of the conventional workforces towards the gig economy in India.

India’s workforce is adding almost four million people every year, this would have a big impact on the gig economy in the near future. Even in India, firms are shrinking in size, giving rise to a large number of start-ups specialised in taking up non-core activities on contractual basis.

CONCLUSION:

· The gig economy is based on flexible, temporary, or freelance jobs, often involving connecting with clients or customers through an online platform.

· The gig economy can benefit workers, businesses, and consumers by making work more adaptable to the needs of the moment and demand for flexible lifestyles.

· At the same time, the gig economy can have downsides due to the erosion of traditional economic relationships between workers, businesses, and clients.

THE FUTURE OF THE GIG ECONOMY:

Many reasons make it reasonable to anticipate that the gig economy and independent work will grow further. In McKinsey’s study, nearly 14% of those in traditional jobs and people who are not currently working reported that they would like to become independent primary earners, i.e, using the gig economy as their main source of income.

As a McKinsey’s study says, independent work is developing quickly as digital platforms create large-scale marketplaces for workers to connect with buyers of services. On one hand, they allow for workers’ wishes of being independent and managing their time to be fulfilled. On the other hand, they give work to a large share of the population who’s unemployed or inactive and want to work. Furthermore, they also help businesses to find people with specialized skillsets for short-term projects.

Today, millions of people gather their income from different streams and work independently. While 34% (54 million people) of the total U.S. workforce was made up of freelancers in 2016, 4.4% of the UK’s population, i.e. 2.8 million people, worked in the gig economy between January 2017 and January 2018.

A BMO Wealth Management study tried to unveil the reasons why more people are working for the gig economy. Data from this study showed most people (60%) voluntarily decided to be self-employed. Of these, 42% said they decided to do it because they needed a new challenge or a change, while 15% needed to find purpose after a previous business venture.

Furthermore, more men than women (48% vs. 36%) needed a new challenge, and more millennials voluntarily made the choice (65%) compared to generation-Xers (57%) and boomers (59%), the report says. At the same time, another interesting insight is that more boomers felt they needed to supplement their retirement income (23%), compared to 13% and 6% of generation-Xers and millennials, respectively.

Randstad shares the view that the gig economy will continue to grow. In this way, businesses and independent workers need to pay attention to how the gig economy is regulated and ensure (some of) workers’ rights. Equality and fairness must be protected so that both sides can continue to take advantage of the opportunities the gig economy offers.

REFERENCES:

1. https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/gig-economy

2. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gig-economy.asp

3. https://hbr.org/2018/03/thriving-in-the-gig-economy

4. https://www.flexjobs.com/blog/post/what-is-the-gig-economy-v2/

5. https://youmatter.world/en/definition/gig-economy-definition-examples-future/

6. https://zety.com/blog/gig-economy-statistics

News Articles:

1. https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/good-job-how-gig-economy-has-changed-the-employment-landscape-in-pandemic-times/article34020984.ece#

2. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/economic-survey-2020-21-indias-gig-economy-now-among-largest-in-the-world/articleshow/80586505.cms

3. https://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/jobs/india-unemployment-rate-rises-to-69-in-february-cmie/story/432643.html

4. https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/indias-gig-workforce-is-on-the-ascent/article33300755.ece

Received on 11.09.2021 Modified on 15.11.2021

Asian Journal of Management. 2022;13(1):77-84.

DOI: 10.52711/2321-5763.2022.00014