INTRODUCTION:

The Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) was launched in the year 1975 in accordance with the National Policy for Children in India. It aims to improve the quality of life of women and child in India. In India, there were incidences of infant mortality, malnutrition, poverty, child marriage, maternal deaths, no access to health care services, lack of awareness relating to health and nutrition, child labour, illiteracy etc. To redress such issues, Integrated Child Development Scheme was launched in order to educate the expecting and nursing mother regarding the health and nutrition of their as well as their children, provide basic nutrition to the children till the age of 6 years. The ICDS provides basic nutrition and health care services to not only the children but also look after the health of the mothers so that they can give birth to healthy children and are capable of maintaining the health of the child.

Child’s health is considered as a nation’s wealth since children accounts for future human resource of the country who are the assets to the country. Healthy children are likely to grow into healthy adults and the first 6(six) years of the child’s life is extremely crucial in their survival, growth and development of the child. In order to protect the children, the nation should take necessary measures. Steps should be taken to reduce infant mortality rates, combat malnutrition, reduce mortality and morbidity of children from infectious diseases by ensuring health care services to the pregnant and nursing mother and the children. India is the second most populous country in the world where many people live under extreme poverty and they are unable to secure two square meals a day. Majority of the children in India faces underprivileged childhoods, deficiency in nutrition and immunization. ICDS program is the direct intervention of the Government to improve the nutrition and health status of the women and children. Anganwadi services aims to ‘bridge the calorific gap between the national recommended and average intake of children and women’. Such underprivileged children are bound to work as child laborers and are even deprived of the basic education. Integrated Child Development Project is an integrated package of welfare scheme of the government to look after the health, nutritional and educational status of grass root level of the population. The implementation of the ICDS programmes and the delivery of the various ICDS services rest upon the Anganwadi workers. Anganwadi workers are king pin in successful implementation of the ICDS scheme. Thus, it is important to examine their roles, responsibilities problems related to their jobs for improving the health, nutrition and education of the nation. However, their services are not recognised and often they are neglected and devoid of the benefits. They are the pillar upon whom the future of the nation rests. This paper is an attempt to list the problems relating to job satisfaction from the available literature as pointed out by various scholars all over the nation. This study will also throw some light on the Integrated Child development project and its structure and try to understand the profile, roles, responsibilities and duties of the Anganwadi workers. The problem and causes of job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction of the Anganwadi workers will be analysed and discussed.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

John et al. (2020) in their article titled categorised the factors as individual, programme, community and organisational factors. Individual category included financial motives and family support. Programme category included ‘service preference of beneficiaries’, ‘work environment (honorarium, supervision, resources including human, material supplies, Job aid, infrastructure, financial)’, community category included ‘caste dynamics’ and ‘seasonal migration’. Organisational factors included corruption.

Akshatha and Sankangoudar (2018) in their article “Job Satisfaction of Anganwadi workers” conducted a research Dharwad Takuk of Dharwad district of Karnataka to study the job satisfaction of Anganwadi workers. They studied a sample of 150 rural Anganwadi workers found that 32% of the workers had mild dissatisfaction, 30.67% enjoyed mild satisfaction, 28% AWWs were moderately dissatisfied, 8.67% AWWs were moderately satisfied, 0.66% AWWs enjoyed extreme satisfaction, whereas none of the workers enjoyed extreme dissatisfaction. The study further found that age, education, economic status, experience and training of these workers had no significant effect on the job satisfaction of the workers whereas size of the family and job performance has positive and significant impact on job satisfaction.

Mannapur et al. (2018) studied the problems of grass root level workers (Anganwadi and ASHA workers) and their level of stress and the various factors relating to it in Bagalkot District. They found that such workers experience psychological stress. The main factors attributing to stress are beginning of school, marital conflict, unfulfilled commitments, loan, house construction etc. They too provide some recommendations curbing stress such as practising healthy lifestyles and counselling therapy.

Dash and Priyadarshini (2018) conducted a study in the Bargarh district Odisha to access the socio-demographic profile and economic condition of the AWWs and to examine the job satisfaction of the AWWs. The study found that major factors for them to join the services are their financial necessity and poor economic condition, the job provides them with economic independence while some workers have joined the service owing to their affection for children, while others have joined with the motive of social work and welfare of the society. Some workers have joined as they had no other means of livelihood. Relief from house-hold chores, limited working hours makes this job attractive to some workers. Except for the low honorarium and excessive workload, most of the Anganwadi workers were satisfied with their job.

Borgohain and Saikia (2017) assessed the job satisfaction of AWW working in Shivasagar district of Assam. The article disclosed that apart from their honorarium and work overload, AWWs were mostly satisfied with their job AWHs and AWWs enjoys a moderate level of job satisfaction, supervisors enjoy a moderately high level of satisfaction whereas CDPOs enjoys a high level of satisfaction.

Kumari and Bharathi (2017) assessed the job involvement of Anganwadi workers in various districts of south India. He used the three scales developed by Kanungo in 1982 and found that AWWs shows effective job involvement irrespective of their socio-demographic variable. He also observed that training played an important role in imparting job skills and involvement in delivering the services efficiently.

Kaur et al. (2016) conducted a cross-sectional exploratory study to examine the workload and perceived constraints of AWWs in North Indian city. They highlighted that AWWs are over burned and it consumes considerable time which was three times the recommended time. Thus, they were unable to devote recommended time for preschool education and home visit activities. They reported certain other problems such as low honorarium, register work, meeting out of duty hours, short attendance of children and adolescent girls, inadequate space in Anganwadi centres etc. They recommended a review of Anganwadi activities to improve service quality.

Barodia (2015) in her article titled “Profile of Anganwadi workers and their Job Satisfaction” conducted an item analysis to find the reasons for job satisfaction and dissatisfaction where they found working with children is the most satisfying element whereas lesser number of holidays led to job dissatisfaction. Infrastructural facilities were inadequate as well as community support was lagging.

Barodia (2015) in her paper titled “Job satisfaction and problems faced by Anganwadi workers” studied the job satisfaction and problems related to infrastructure, administrative and manpower faced by the Anganwadi workers of 10 blocks in Ahmadabad city. She found that administrative related problems owed to an insufficient honorarium, infrastructure-related problems were that of frequent travels, while man power-related problems involved communication problems concerning convincing community people and employee. She suggested that to improve the job satisfaction of Anganwadi workers proper honorarium should be provided along with job security. She further suggested that the efficiency of Anganwadi workers can be improved by improving their working conditions.

Sheethal et al. (2015) undertook a study to determine the quality of life of AWWs in Mandya City (Karnataka) India. They used the world health organisation quality of life (WHOQoL-BREF) questionnaire which had four domains namely physical health, psychological, social relations and environment. They found out that out of the four domains the psychological and social domain had better mean score as compared to psychological and environment domain mean score. High social domain mean score reveals that AWWs have good personal relationship and social support whereas low scores of environmental domains indicate poor financial resources, opportunities for acquiring new information and skills and leisure activities.

Thakur et. al (2015) in her article “A study to assess the knowledge & practices of Anganwadi workers & availability of Infrastructure in ICDS Program, at district Mandi of Himachal Pradesh” conducted an empirical study on AWWs to access the socio demographical data, knowledge and practice of AWWs and AWCs. They found that the AWWs had inadequate knowledge regarding the services rendered under ICDS, they had discontent regarding their remuneration, delay in receiving their funds and other supplies, they were overloaded with record maintenance burden, they complained of problems relating to infrastructure.

Asha (2014) in the article titled “Efficiency of Anganwadi centres –A study in the Thiruvananthapuram District, Kerala, studied the efficiency of Anganwadi centres in delivering their services and the factors affecting the delivery of services. The study found that factors like educational status, infrastructural facilities, supervision, inter-sectoral coordination, support from the health department and community participation affects the efficiency of AWCs.

Kular (2014) in the article “A study on Anganwadi workers in rural block of Punjab” found that AWWs faced problems like lack of availability of infrastructural facilities and inadequate honorarium.

Patil and MK (2013) in the article titled “study of profile, knowledge and problems of Anganwadi workers in ICDS Block: A cross-section study” reflected on the knowledge problems of the Anganwadi workers in Aurangabad and found that most of AWW belonged to the age group of 40 years and possesses adequate knowledge relating to their job. Their basis problem includes an inadequate honorarium, lacks community support, inadequate infrastructure and exercise workload relating to record maintenance.”

Sandhyarani and Rao (2013) in her article “Role and responsibilities of Anganwadi workers, with special reference to Mysore district” accessed the roles and responsibilities of Anganwadi workers in Mysore district where they concluded that Anganwadi workers are very active and efficient in rendering their services to the beneficiaries. They stated that Anganwadi workers act as a bridge between the community and ICDS.

Desai et al. (2012) in their article titled “Changing roles of Anganwadi workers, A study in Vadodara district” conducted a cross sectional study in Wagodiya block of Vadodara (Gujarat). They visited 30 Anganwadi Centres, and interviewed them. They found that Integrated Management of Neonatal Childhood Illness (IMNCI) training has improved their knowledge. Apart from ICDS Programmes they participated in National Health Programmes from which they received incentives like Pulse Polio Immunization, Motivator for Tubal Ligation (Family Planning), House to house survey, DOT provider for tuberculosis patients, etc. The study suggested that AWWs are overworked and (Accredited Social Health Activists) ASHA should be utilised so that the Anganwadi workers can focus on their services better. They highlighted that “the Anganwadi workers and helper, who are the basic functionaries of the ICDS are not treated on a par with government employees, but are called ‘social workers’ or ‘voluntary workers. They are not paid salary but only honorarium.” They also suggested that AWWs are overworked and are unable to justify their routine work.

Integrated Child Development Scheme:

Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS project) is a flagship programme which was launched on 2^nd October 1975, (on the 106^th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi- the father of our nation) with an aim of providing a holistic development of children. ICDS do not confine itself to children alone but also covers the pregnant women, lactating mothers and adolescent girls.^[17] The scheme was discontinued in 1978 by the government led by the then Prime Minister Morarji Desai. The programme was re-launched in the tenth five-year plan. The programme was launched with the help of UNICEF along with World Bank which provided financial and technical assistance to it. Initially 33 projects were started in India. It was sponsored by the Central government and implemented by the State Government and the Union territories. It covers expectant mothers, nursing mothers, and children below the age of 6years. The ICDS was launched to fulfill objectives of improving nutritional and health status of children between the ages 0-6 years, laying foundation for psychological, physical and social development of the children, reduction in the incidence of mortality, morbidity, and malnutrition and school dropout, achieve effective co-ordination of policy and implementation amongst the various departments to promote child development enhance the capability of the mother to look after the normal health and nutritional needs of the child through proper nutrition and health education. An Anganwadi Centre covers a population of about 1000 people in rural and urban areas and a population of about 700 people in tribal areas.

ICDS Organisational Structure:

The ICDS team consists of the District Programme Officer (DPO), Child Development Project Officer (CDPO), Lady Supervisors, Anganwadi Workers (AWW), Anganwadi Helpers (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Integrated Child Development Project (ICDS) Organizational Structure.

Anganwadi Workers:

Implementation of the ICDS services is done by the Anganwadi workers in the Anganwadi centres which are located in the villages and they are assisted by Anganwadi helpers, who are supervised by the lady supervisors. The Anganwadi workers are the community based frontline workers who are recruited on honorary basis from the locality, so they are aware of the language, culture, practices and various aspects of the population whom they serve. These workers help the government to reach out to the remotest part of the country and pipeline various welfare schemes of the government to the poorest of the poor in order to uplift them. Anganwadi workers assume a pivotal role in implementation of ICDS services due to her close and continuous contact with the beneficiaries. They provide health related, nutrition related and education related services to the children below six years, pre-natal care to expecting mothers and post-natal care to the nursing mother. They bridge the welfare gaps and are extremely efficient workforce of the nation.

Profile, Roles and Responsibilities of The Anganwadi Workers:

The Anganwadi workers are the community based voluntary frontline workers of the ICDS project. “The Ministry of Women Development and Child Welfare has laid down guidelines for the responsibilities of Anganwadi workers. These guidelines include showing community support and active participation in executing this program, conducting regular quick surveys of all families, organizing pre-school activities, providing health and nutrition education to families, especially pregnant women, motivating families to adopt family planning, educating parents about child growth and development, assisting in the implementation and execution of Kishori Shakti Yojana, educating teenage girls and parents by organizing social awareness programs, and identifying disabilities in children.” The AWWs Anganwadi workers survey each and every household under her purview (area allotted to her) and she maintains a record of details of each and every individual of every household in her registers. She is required to identify and maintain various details of such beneficiaries and monitor them. They are entrusted with the duty to take care of the neonatal, children, adolescent girls, pregnant women and lactating mothers. The effectiveness of the programme and the achievement of the goals of the ICDS scheme depend heavily upon the knowledge, attitude and practice of the Anganwadi workers. She provides six main services to the women and children (Figure 2):

Figure 2. Services provided by Anganwadi Workers

· Supplementary nutrition: Anganwadi workers distribute nutritional food to the beneficiaries for 300 days in a year. This nutrition bridges the calorific gap between the recommended and actual intake of nutrition of individuals belonging to the low income and under privileged communities. Besides they regularly monitor the weight of the children and identifies cases of malnutrition and provides them supplementary nutrition and if required refers them to the health care professionals. The target group is children below 6 years and Pregnant and lactating mothers.

· Non formal pre-school activities (PSE): PSE aims at fostering all round development of children through joyful and playful activity-based leaning to impart basic education to the children between the ages of 3-6 years. These non-formal preschool activities stimulate and lay the foundation for lifelong learning and development in the children belonging to underprivileged families. The target group is children between the age group of 3 to 6 years.

· Nutrition & health education: Anganwadi workers spread awareness about the importance of nutrition other health related issues and educates the pregnant and nursing mothers about the ways to look after the health, nutrition and development of their families and children. The target group is women in the age group of 15-45 years.

· Immunization: In order to curb the menace of child mortality, disabilities, morbidity, and malnutrition. They provide vaccines to the children below 6 years against deadly diseases like poliomyelitis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, tuberculosis and measles. They immunize the expectant mothers which reduces the risk of neonatal mortality and maternal mortality. The target group is children below 6 years and Pregnant and lactating mothers.

· Referral services: AWWS primarily identifies the malnutrition children, educates the expectant mother about childbirth and other health related issues, and teaches the nursing mother the ways to take care of her child and her health. They refer critical cases to the nearby health centres and sub centres to those in need of urgent medical attention. Apart from that they enlist cases of disabilities and maintain records and register and report them to the concerned authorities. The target group is children below 6 years and Pregnant and lactating mothers.

· Health check-ups: these workers monitor the health of children below 6 years, provides antenatal care of expectant mothers and post-natal care of nursing mothers by arranging for regular health check-ups, immunization, de-worming, distribution of basic medicines, tracking weight, monitoring malnutrition, etc. The target group is children below 6 years and Pregnant and lactating mothers.

Causes of Job Dissatisfaction of the anganwadi Workers:

If the employee feels satisfied with their job this will lead to the good performance of the employee which is in favour of the organization (Mahajan and Kumar, 2018). It is ironic that despite the dedicated service of these workers, they are not given ample respect and are often overlooked. In the available literatures, the scholars have pointed various problems of Anganwadi workers over time notably; they are granted the status of social/voluntary workers and are not treated at par with government employees (Desai et. al., 2012); inadequate honorarium (Barodia, 2015; Kaur et. al, 2016; Borghain and Saikia 2017, Dash and Priyadarshini 2018); poor working conditions and lack of infrastructural facilities (Patil and Mk, 2013; Barodia, 2015; Kaur et al., 2016); excessive pressure pertaining to maintenance of registers and work overload (Dash and Priyadarshini 2018), psychological stress (Mannapur et. al., 2018), lesser number of holidays (Barodia, 2015), lack of community support (Barodia, 2015) inadequate supervision (Patil, 2013), etc. AWWs are often involved in various works of other departments such as surveys, caste and socio-economic census etc. (Borgohain, 2017) corruption relating to pilferage in distributable food supplies but they are forced to report that they received the allocated amount. (John et al., 2020). (Figure 3)

Causes of Job Satisfaction of Anganwadi Workers

There is continuous increase in the number of working women, dual income and single parent families, increased responsibility of seniors/ old people and changing demography (Uma, 2016). The prevalence of work family conflict among employees in general and women in particular and the negative consequences of this conflict for one’s job satisfaction has led it to become one of the problems under the preview of psychological research (Sharma, 2017).Most of the scholars have pointed out that the Anganwadi workers are chosen poor economic background and they have financial necessities so they join the service due to the following reasons: - Affection towards children (Barodia 2015, Borgohain and Saikia 2017), interest in social work and welfare of the society, limited working hours, relief from domestic chores, no alternative job available, financial necessities, and poor economic background (Borgohain and Saikia 2017). (Figure 4)

Figure 3. Factors causing job dissatisfaction among Anganwadi workers.

Figure 4. Factors causing job satisfaction among Anganwadi workers.

DISCUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS:

The past literatures have stated in unison that Anganwadi workers are a team of efficient workforce who are capable of improving the nutritional, health and educational status of lower strata of underprivileged women and children. They are responsible for delivering the services of the ICDS schemes at the doorsteps. They also spread awareness about many social problems such as family planning; curbing child marriage, educating the teenage girls and mothers about their health, hygiene and nutrition etc. They are agents of social transformation and they should be equipped with necessary knowledge, training and resources to improve the lives of such underprivileged population. They are the bridge between the policy makers and the population and they have close contacts and minute information about the population allotted to her. The execution and success of the ICDS scheme largely rests upon the skill, motivation, job commitment and level of job satisfaction of these workers. Thus, it is important to motivate them and improve their job performance. The performance is highly dependent upon the job satisfaction and motivation level of the employees.

Various studies on Anganwadi workers have pointed various problems but age-old problems of infrastructure, low honorarium, logistics, work overload, not granting them proper status and facilities, inadequate training etc are still persistent. Government should immediately look into the problem so that the Quality of life the AWWs can improve which in turn will improve their motivation and efficiency. As a result, the services of the ICDS program can be delivered in a better way. Although ICDS is the world’s biggest early childhood care programme, the Anganwadi workers are not even paid minimum wage. It is indeed ironic the soldiers who fights malnutrition and channelizes various welfare schemes to the underprivileged section of the society, are themselves suffering and are deprived of minimum standard of living. They are unable to attain work life balance due to tremendous work overload as a result their quality of life is hampered. They are at a constant stress to complete their work and at the same time they are worried about after retirement life. They earn such meagre sum that it is impossible for them to meet their present needs and are unable to save. The Anganwadi workers are truly distressed and government should pay heed to their problems and try to honour the selfless sacrifices of such unsung heroines of India.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors have no conflict of interest.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

I convey my thanks to the Department of Commerce, University of North Bengal.

REFERENCES:

1. Akshatha, Sankangoudar, S. Job Satisfaction of Anganwadi Workers, International Journal Pure and Applied Bioscience. 2018 April 25; 6(2): 706-12. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.6360 available online at www.ijpab.com

2. Asha, K. P. Efficiency of Anganwadi centers–A study in Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala. Journal of Academia and Industrial Research. 2014 Aug; 3(3), 132-136. ISSN:2278-5213 available at http://www.jairjp.com/AUGUST%202014/05%20ASHA.pdf

3. Barodia, S. Profile of Anganwadi workers and their Job Satisfaction. An Indexed Refereed Journal of Higher Education. 2015 Dec; 7(2), 1-7. ISSN No. 0974-035X available on www.ascgujarat.org

4. Barodia, S. R. Job satisfaction and problems faced by Anganwadi workers. International Journal of Research in Commerce, IT and Management. 2015 Sep;5 (9), 69-70. ISSN 2231-5756

5. Borgohain, H., Saikia, J. P. Job Satisfaction of Anganwadi Workers: A study in Sivasagar District of Assam. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. 2017 Sep; 6 (9), 19372-81. Doi: 10.15680/IJIRSET.2017.0609110

6. Dash, L., Priyadarshini, V. A study on job satisfaction of Anganwadi workers in Bargarh district, Odisha. International Journal of Applied Social Science. 2018 Oct 9; 5 (10): 1634-41. ISSN : 2394-1405

7. Desai, G., Pandit, N., Sharma, D. Changing role of Anganwadi workers, A study conducted in Vadodara district. Healthline. 2012 June; 3(1), 41-44. ISSN 2229-337X available at https://www.iapsmgc.org/index_pdf/11.pdf

8. Dixit, P., Gupta, A., Dwivedi, L. K., Coomar, D. Impact Evaluation of Integrated Child Development Services in Rural India: Propensity Score Matching Analysis. Sage Open- Research Paper. 2018 June 27; 1-7. Available online at https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2158244018785713

9. Gurukartick, J., Ghorpade, A. G., Thamizharasi, A., Dongre, A. R. Status of growth monitoring in Anganwadi centres of a primary health centre, Thirubhuvanai, Puducherry. Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences. 2013 Aug 25;12(2). Available online at URL:http://www.ojhas.org/issue46/2013-2-2.html

10. John, A., Nisbett, N., Barnett, I., Avula, R., Menon, P. Factors influencing the performance of community health workers: A qualitative study of Anganwadi Workers from Bihar, India. Plos one. 2020 Nov 25; 15(11), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242460

11. Kapil, U. Integrated child development services (ICDS) scheme: A program for holistic development of children in India. Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 2002 July; 69, 597–601. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02722688

12. Kaur, D., Thakur, M., Singh, A., Saini, S. K. Workload and perceived constraints of Anganwadi workers. Nursing Midwifery Research Journal. 2017 Jan; 12(1), 18-24. Available online at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324863584_Perceived_stress_among_anganwadi_workers_AWWS_in_integrated_child_development_services_ICDS_programme

13. Kular, S. S. A Study on Anganwadi Workers in Rural ICDS Blocks of Punjab. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention. 2014 Sep; 3(9), 1-4. ISSN: 2319-7722 available online at http://www.ijhssi.org/papers/v3(9)/Version-2/A03920104.pdf

14. Kumari, P., Bharathi, R. Job involvement of Anganwardi workers: A study from south India. International journal of applied research. 2017 June 29; 3(7), 1262-66. ISSN: 2394-7500 available online at https://www.allresearchjournal.com/archives/?year=2017&vol=3&issue=7&part=R&ArticleId=4209

15. Mannapur, B. S., Dorle, A. S., Ghattargi, C. H., Ramadurg, U. Y., Kulkarni, K. R., Selvan, V. Psychological Stress among Grassroot Level Workers in a PHC of Bagalkot District. Annals of Community Health. 2019 Jan 1; 6(4), 8-11. available online at http: //www.annals of community health.in /ojs/index.php/ AoCH/ article/view/200

16. Nidhi Sharma. Work-Family Conflict in Relation to Job Satisfaction: An Empirical Study. Asian J. Management; 2017; 8(3):542-548. doi: 10.5958/2321-5763.2017.00087.7

17. Patil, S. B., Doibale, M. K. Study of profile, knowledge and problems of Anganwadi workers in ICDS blocks: A cross sectional study. Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences. 2013 Aug 25; 12(2 (1) 1-3.

18. Sachdev, Y., Dasgupta, J. Integrated child development services (ICDS) scheme. Medical journal, Armed Forces India. 2001; 57(2), 139–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-1237(01)80135-0

19. Sandhyarani, M. C., Rao, C. U. Role and responsibilities of Anganwadi workers, with special reference to Mysore district. International Journal of Science Environment Technology. 2013 Oct 23; 2(6), 1277-1296. DOI: 10.5455/ijmsph.2015.0611201471, ISSN 2278-3687 (O) available at www.ijset.net

20. Sheethal, M. P., Harish, B. R., Vinay, M. Assessment of quality of life among Anganwadi workers of Mandya city. International Journal Medical Science and Public Health. 2014 Nov 13; 4(3), 386-388. Doi:10.5455/ijmsph.2015.0611201471

21. Supriya Mahajan, Er. Sulakshay Kumar. A Study on Impact of Job Satisfaction on Employee Performance in Organisation. Asian Journal of Management. 2018; 9(3):1046-1054. doi: 10.5958/2321-5763.2018.00164.6

22. Tandon, B. N., Kapil, U. ICDS scheme: a programme for development of mother and child health. Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 1991 Dec; 28(12), 1425–1428. Available at PMID: 1819562. Available online at http://www.indianpediatrics.net/dec1991/1425.pdf

23. Thakur K, Chauhan H, Gupta N, Thakur P, Malla D. A study to assess the knowledge and practices of Anganwadi workers and availability of infrastructure in ICDS program, at district Mandi of Himachal Pradesh. International Multidisciplinary Research Journal. 2015 Jan; 2(1):1-6. ISSN: 2349-7637 available online at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278772393_A_Study_to_Assess_the_Knowledge_Practices_of_Anganwadi_Workers_Availability_of_Infrastructure_in_ICDS_Program_at_District_Mandi_of_Himachal_Pradesh.

24. Uma M.H. Is Work Life Balance Important. Asian J. Management. 2016; 7(2): 153-155. doi: 10.5958/2321-5763.2016.00023.8

Received on 22.09.2021 Modified on 15.01.2022

Asian Journal of Management. 2022;13(2):120-126.

DOI: 10.52711/2321-5763.2022.00022