1. INTRODUCTION:

Due to the need for businesses to react quickly to environmental concerns, traditional businesses are adopting an increasing number of green strategies in comparison to previous decades. Manufacturers become involved in green business for two primary reasons. These motivations include external (pressure from customers, the government, or stakeholders) and internal (social responsibility, competition) In order to get various benefits from sustainability, a growing number of commercial organisations are implementing greening strategies, adhering to green business principles, and creating various green business frameworks.

Green businesses will come from an eco-friendly chain structure, which will be linked to the green economy, green society, and environmental planning. Green business practices have a major impact on the use of natural resources at many stages of activities and productions, in addition to social business and profit maximisation. Nonetheless, one of the most significant areas of environmental emphasis in business study is green product development (Hasan et al., 2019). Sustainable and green product development requires a balanced approach toward technological, economic, and ecological aspects. The design should cover products' environmental impact, functionality, and manufacturability, in addition to the economical and societal factors (Mayyas et al., 2016).

There are many frameworks available and used by product development companies. CMMI is one of the frameworks that is most widely employed in a range of IT industries (Liberato et al., 2015; YALÇINER et al., 2022), and it has greatly increased the efficiency with which equipment, personnel, and other resources are used.

In the current era of ESG, companies need to look at new expansion avenues through new improvement frameworks for improved customer experience through green product development. CMMI is one of the most extensively utilised frameworks in a variety of industries, and it has significantly improved how effectively machines, people, and other resources are used.

In order to improve efficiency and effectiveness during green product development, CMMI and other frameworks must be promoted. Few specific process areas related to Requirement Development, Management and Product Design (Technical Solutions) can be tried for product development (Alyahya et al., 2012; Keshta, 2022; YALÇINER et al., 2022). It will help in ensuring that all the green related requirements are being met and in compliance with regulatory standards applicable to the industry.

2. Green Development, Challenges and usage of CMMI and Other Frameworks:

2.1 Need of Green Product Development:

In coming years, increasing green regulation compliance requirements over ESG, climatic shifts, and environments will be the most crucial focus for CXOs. There would be lots of focus on the development of green products. The green products design and development (GPDD) is now a global phenomenon. Reducing the global environmental effects of industrial growth is the main objective of GPDD. The number of national and worldwide initiatives aimed at promoting the expansion of green production as a new source of growth has increased recently in response to the dire economic and environmental conditions. Growth in green manufacturing is a result of both sustainable and economic development strategies. It combines two vital imperatives: enhanced environmental management, which is necessary to address resource scarcity and climate change, and sustained inclusive economic growth, which developing nations need to end poverty and promote welfare (Batwara et al., 2022).

The ask is, how can companies traverse through these key challenges of ESG, climate change and green technology. There is a need to think of some innovative methods to tackle the challenges. One essential and suitable tool/method for ensuring better green product development can be using selected CMMI processes/practices (Lester et al., 2010; Liberato et al., 2015). It can help product companies in meeting the stringent requirements of green economy and environment.

2.2 CMMI and its usage in Green Product Development:

In the present dynamic and highly regulated environment in which product companies operate, essential resources, compliance and how they are managed are becoming increasingly important. Many companies are still using a traditional new product development systems, processes and tools. There is a need to adopt a new and sustainable framework for product development which can help in meeting the ever-changing green product development requirements.

CMMI aims to build systems that improves processes and establishes a sustainable working ecosystem for all stakeholders. CMMI has been adopted in very limited way by engineering segments, including Oil and Gas, Construction, Ship building etc. (Harkawat, 2023). However, it’s being widely adopted by IT product development companies in big way and has been very successful. The same model with select practices can be used by green product development companies also.

There is an urgent need for green product development companies to make strategies to improve engineering product design processes by strengthening the system and streamlining the project execution processes. It’s essential for companies to meet the ESG and green requirements in true spirit and ensure regulatory compliance (Choi, 2023; Qarahasanlou et al., 2022).

By adopting CMMI’s select practices, companies can become more agile and responsive in a dynamic business environment. Also, implementing such proven frameworks can improve product’s sustainability over time (Ng Corrales et al., 2022).

3. Research Gap and Necessity of New Framework:

In order to guarantee a more promising future for eco-industries, cooperation in the design and development of green products is becoming increasingly important, and recent years have seen a surge in research into this kind of innovation. Therefore, practitioners have stressed that green thinking should be implemented from a product's design phase through its production and disposal phases. But determining which tactics are most detrimental to the advancement of green product design and development is a difficult task (Batwara et al., 2022). So, there is a need for a framework to ensure that there is end-to-end traceability from green requirements to design to development.

Green technology implementation is one of the most important requirements of green product development. It has to be fulfilled/ maintained throughout the product development lifecycle execution and operation. A structured tool/system is required to ensure the green requirements are being met during product development cycle.

So, it’s imperative to propose a new framework, which can be used to ensure that green related requirements are being implemented successfully, and systems and operations are sustained for a more extended period during product lifecycle. The framework will help in green requirements documentation, planning, tracking, designing and closure in a structured and systematic way.

4. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

Green product development requires an innovative system to ensure that the solution is compatible with all green and sustainability related standards. There is a need to provide designers a framework which can ensure fulfilment of green requirements, design parameter and related certifications/standards.

As there is a lack of a consistent framework to guide the implementation of new green product development systems in the industry. This paper aims to propose a new framework for green requirements implementation, design and development in a structured and systematic way.

5. METHODOLOGY:

For building the new framework, the researcher relied upon the secondary data available from CMMI implementation in different industries. Study was conducted to understand CMMI structure, process areas and practices. The relevant process areas, requirement development, requirement management and technical solutions were studies in detail and depth to understand the relevance to green design related framework.

The requirement development process area’s practices will be mapped to green requirement development in the new framework. Similarly, requirement management process area’s practices will be mapped to green requirement management and technical solutions process area’s practices will be mapped to green product/process design related practices in the new framework. In this way the new framework will be able support and ensure end-to-end traceability of the green requirement to design to implementation.

The new framework will have practices/ processes, practices which must be followed while design and development of green products.

6. CMMI’s Requirement Management/Development and Technical Solutions Process Area-based Conceptual Framework:

The proposed framework will reuse and combine the following practices/processes of CMMI-DEV V1.3 (Product Team, 2010; YALÇINER et al., 2022):

· Requirement Development (RD): It’s a CMMI ML2 process area and includes practices / sub-practices related to requirements development.

· Requirement Management (RM): It’s a CMMI ML2 process area and includes practices / sub-practices related to requirement management at various phases of product/process/services.

· Technical Solutions (TS): It’s a CMMI ML3 process area and includes practices / sub-practices related to the design and development of product/process/services.

Above mentioned proven processes/practices are being used by IT/Technology companies for requirement management and design for almost 3 decades and have given optimal results, as it provides a structured framework for handling complex organizations/programs and product/solutions design and development (P. Harkawat, 2023; Product Team, 2010).

By making use of the CMMI Process areas for requirement and design, researcher is recommending a CMMI-based conceptual Green Product Design, Development and Management (GPDDM) Framework, which will consist of:

· Green Product Requirement Development (GPRD)

· Green Product Requirement Management (GPRM)

· Green Product Design/Technical Solutions (GPDTS)

Below is the pictorial representation of the Green Product Design, Development and Management (GPDDM) Framework:

Figure 1: Pictorial View of Green Product Design, Development and Management (GPDDM) Framework Model / Framework

(Source: Self Research and Learning)

The below mapping shows the available Processes, Practices / Sub-practices of CMMI, and the proposed) framework.

Table 1: Mapping of the available Processes, Practices / Sub-practices of CMMI, and the proposed Green Product Design, Development and Management (GPDDM) Framework

CMMI PA’s Practices and Processes	Proposed Green Product Design Development and Management (GPDDM) Framework ‘s Specific Goals (SG) /Practices (SP) (Re-produced as per CMMI Processes, Practices and Sub-practices) Format followed is, <Lean PA Name. SP. Serial Number>: <Practice Detail>
Requirement Development 1: SG	GPRD1 SG: Develop and Document Green Product Requirements
1.1	GPRD.SP 1.1: Obtain Requisites for Green Products
1.2	GPRD.SP 1.2: Convert Relevant Stakeholder Wants into Green Product, Process, Solutions Operations Requirements
Requirement Development 2: SG	GPRD2 SG: Build Green Product, Process, Solutions Operations Requirements
2.1	GPRD.SP 2.1: Set up Green Product, Process, Solutions Operations Requirements
2.2	GPRD.SP 2.2: Allocate Green Product, Process, Solutions Operations Requirements
Requirement Development 3: SG	GPRD3 SG: Analyze and Validate Green Product, Process, Solutions Operations Requirements
3.1	GPRD.SP 3.1: Establish Green Concepts and Scenarios
3.2	GPRD.SP 3.2: Establish a Definition of Required Functionality and Quality Attributes for Green Product, Process, Solutions Operations
3.3	GPRD.SP 3.3: Analyze Green Product, Process, Solutions Operations Requirements.
	Validate Green Product, Process, Solutions Operations Requirements
Requirement Management 1: SG	GPRM 1 SG: Manage Green Product, Process, Solutions Operations Requirements
1.1	GPRM.SP 1.1: Understand Green Product, Process, Solutions Operations Requirements
1.2	GPRM.SP 1.2: Obtain Commitment to Green Product, Process, Solutions Operations Requirements
1.3	GPRM.SP 1.3: Manage Green Product, Process, Solutions Operations Requirements Changes
1.4	GPRM.SP 1.4: Maintain Bidirectional Traceability of Sustainable Mining Product, Process, Solutions Operations Requirements
1.5	GPRM.SP 1.5: Ensure Alignment Between Project Work and Green Product, Process, Solutions Operations Requirements
Technical Solution 1: SG	GPDTS 1 SG: Select Green Product, Process, Solutions
1.1	GPDTS.SP 1.1: Develop Alternative Green Solutions and Selection Criteria for Product, Process, Solutions Operations Requirements.
1.2	GPDTS.SP 1.2: Select Mining System Component Solutions for Product, Process, Solutions Operations Requirements.
Technical Solution 2: SG	GPDTS 2 SG: Develop the Green Design for Product, Process, Solutions Operations Requirements.
2.1	GPDTS.SP 2.1: Design the Green Component for Product, Process, Solutions Operations Requirements.
2.2	GPDTS.SP 2.2: Establish a Green Technical Data Package for Green Product, Process, Solutions Operations Requirements.
2.3	GPDTS.SP 2.3: Design Interfaces Using Criteria for Green Product, Process, Solutions Operations Requirements.
Technical Solution 3: SG	GPDTS. SG1 Implement the Design for Green Product, Process, Solutions Operations Requirements.
3.1	GPDTS.SP 1.2 Implement the Design for Green Product, Process, Solutions Operations Requirements.
3.2	GPDTS.SP 1.2 Develop Green Product, Process, Solutions Operations Support Documentation

(Source: Self Research and Learning)

Figure 2: CMMI-based Green Product Design, Development and Management (GPDDM) Framework

(Source: Self Research and Learning)

New Green Product Design, Development and Management (GPDDM) Framework can be used by designers and management for product planning, monitoring and tracking. It can work as a design decision support system for designers, executives and managers.

7. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS:

CMMI can be implemented more structured in green product design by combining the available best practices and lessons learned from other industries. A structured usage by designers shall ensure a clear path for applications in various design stages. If applied with right planning and with key selected procedures, it will improve product design. By following proposed framework, organizations can achieve excellence in green product design, improve quality, and gain a competitive advantage.

8. LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE:

The proposed framework suggests only a limited number of processes for the green product design. It's developed as a generic model that can be applied by designers with some customizations per organizational goals and objectives. However, more needs to be added to improve the usage and coverage. It also requires validation from the industry.

Every industry should create a suitable and practical design for any upcoming operations. It should cover the planning of the green production process, green design of the entire process, the design of the green supply chain process, and the design of the purchase of environmentally friendly green materials. The effects on the environment should be carefully considered in these designs.

Further research and its application in the industry will benefit enormously from implementing and validating this framework, followed by any necessary revisions. The framework can be enhanced in the future by adding more processes and best practices of other improvement frameworks like Lean, six sigma, value engineering, etc.

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Received on 03.07.2024 Revised on 09.01.2025

Accepted on 12.04.2025 Published on 28.05.2025

Available online from May 31, 2025

Asian Journal of Management. 2025;16(2):82-86.

DOI: 10.52711/2321-5763.2025.00013

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