ISSN

2321-5763 (Online)
0976-495X (Print)


Author(s): Laiq Zirack, Veeramani. S, Mohammad Hasan Zaidi

Email(s): laiqkdru@gmail.com

DOI: 10.5958/2321-5763.2020.00072.4   

Address: Laiq Zirack1, Dr. Veeramani. S2, Mohammad Hasan Zaidi3
1Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Policy and Administration, Kandahar University.
2Assistant Professor, Centre for Management Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025.
3A Research Scholar, Center for management Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi – 110025.
*Corresponding Author

Published In:   Volume - 11,      Issue - 4,     Year - 2020


ABSTRACT:
This paper attempts to capture how in our technology driven world, the unskilled unstructured labor class in developing economies still has to depend on sheer physical strength to earn a livelihood and how technological alternates for labor do not benefit them to a great degree. The case of plying manual rickshaws and electric rickshaw was compared in this research paper; primary data was used to infer such forms of occupation are NOT sufficient to support a healthy and sustainable lifestyle as per major indices of human development. The collected data shows that almost all respondents plying manual rickshaws are living under the extreme poverty slab as per UNDP while two thirds of those plying electric rickshaw are under the extreme poverty slab which is the first goal among the Millennium Development Goals. The information collected reflects upon the human development induced by technology diffusion as much as 25% flux. This indicated the need for economic restructuring, better policy regulation and implementing technology in poverty eradication. As there are indeed alternates available and waiting to be explored.


Cite this article:
Laiq Zirack, Veeramani. S, Mohammad Hasan Zaidi. Chronic Poverty, Technology and Human Development: A Comparative Analysis of Cycle Rickshaw Pliers and Electric Rickshaw Pliers. Asian Journal of Management. 2020;11(4):479-492. doi: 10.5958/2321-5763.2020.00072.4

Cite(Electronic):
Laiq Zirack, Veeramani. S, Mohammad Hasan Zaidi. Chronic Poverty, Technology and Human Development: A Comparative Analysis of Cycle Rickshaw Pliers and Electric Rickshaw Pliers. Asian Journal of Management. 2020;11(4):479-492. doi: 10.5958/2321-5763.2020.00072.4   Available on: https://ajmjournal.com/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2020-11-4-17


REFERENCE:
1.    The World Bank Data Catalog Dataset GDP (2016) retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/GDP-ranking-table
2.    The World Bank Data Catalog Dataset GDP PPP (2016) retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/GDP-PPP-based-table
3.    The World Bank Data Catalog Dataset GDP YOY Growth (2016) retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?page=
4.    Harris, J. R., Todaro, M.P. (1970), Migration, Unemployment and Development: A Two-Sector Analysis. The American Economic Review. Vol. 60, No. 1, 126-142
5.    The World Bank: India's Poverty Profile (2016) retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/infographic/2016/05/27/india-s-poverty-profile
6.    Vaidya, B. C. (Ed). (2003). Geography of transport development in india. Concept publishing company,  New Delhi
7.    WHO Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database (2016) retrieved from http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/
8.    Madan, G. R. (1971). Social changes and problems of development in India. Allied Publishers, Bombay
9.    Kosambi, D.D. (1946). Early Stages of the Caste System in Northern India. Journal of the Bombay Branch of Royal Asiatic Society, Vol.22, 39-45
10.    Husrt, C.E., Gibbon, H.M.F., Nurse A.M. (2002). Social Inequality: Forms, Causes, and Consequences. Routledge
11.    Bhatt, A. (1989). Development and Social Justice; Migration by Weaker Sections.Sage Publications, New Delhi
12.    Khan, J. H. (2010). Socio-Economic and Structural Analysis of Internal Migration: A Micro Level Study(pp 98-112). Serials Publications, New Delhi
13.    Begum, S. and Binayak, S., Sustainable Livelihoods, Health Shocks and Urban Chronic Poverty: Rickshaw Pullers as a Case Study, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, CPRC Working Paper, Vol. 46, pp.1-26, 2004.
14.    Begum, S. and Binayak, S.(2005). Pulling rickshaws in the city of Dhaka: a way out of poverty?. Environment and urbanization. 17(2), 11-25
15.    R, Rueveny. (2007). Climate change-induced migration and violent conflict. Political Geography, 26, 656-673.
16.    Deshingkar, P., Akter, S. (2009). Migration and Human Development in India. by United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports Research Paper 2009/13
17.    Peng, S.: “Sanhai No Jinrikisha Mondai (The Rickshaw Problem in Shanghai)”, Shina Kenkyu, Vol. 37, pp.197-226, 1935
18.    Saito, T.: “Jinrikisha (The Rickshaw)”, Sangyo GijutsuSenta, Tokyo, Shenbao, Shanghai, (1979)
19.    Warren, J.F. (2003). Rickshaw Coolie: A People's History of Singapore, 1880-1940. NUS Press, Singapore.
20.    Haq. S. A., et. al. (2005). Prevalence of rheumatic diseases and associated outcomes in rural and urban communities in Bangladesh: a COPCORD study. The Journal of Rheumatology. 32(2), 348-353
21.    Mishra, P.S., Lakra, S. (2014). Livelihood issues of unorganised labourers: with special reference to the rickshaw pullers in bilaspur city. International journal of development research.4(6), 1228-1233.
22.    Islam, M. S., et. al. (2016). Socioeconomic Profile and Health Status of Rickshaw Pullers in Rural Bangladesh. American Journal of Food Science and Health. Vol 2 (4), 32-38.
23.    Ahmed, A.: “Bangladesh Rickshaw Drivers in Cycle of Despair”, Reuters, March 15, 2005. Aligarh DainikJagran: “Rickshaw”, June 12, 2009.
24.    Ganguly, S.: “Calcutta’s rickshaw-Pullers”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 17, No. 41, p. 1636, 1982.
25.    Pacione, M.: “Urban Geography: A Global Perspective”, New York: Routledge, 2005.
26.    Kishwar, M. P.: “Urban Informal Sector: The Need for a Bottom-up Agenda of Economic Reforms-Case Studies of Cycle Rickshaws and Street Vendors in Delhi”, In India: Urban Poverty Report, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 309-326,2009.
27.    Poirier, Y.: “Rickshaw Bank in India: An Initiative for Alternative Employment”, February, Available at http://base.d-p-h.info/en/fiches/dph/fiche-dph 7718.html (accessed on 26 March, 2010),2009.
28.    Alam Rukhsana and Asraful Alam.2013. Socio - Economic Analysis of Van-Rickshaw Puller (Manual) In Rural Areas-A Case Study.2013. Indian Streams Research Journal. 3(11):1- 5.
29.    Nandhi, Mani Arul (2011): “The Urban Poor and Their Money: A Study of Cycle Rickshaw Pullers in Delhi”, Institute for Financial Management and Research (IFMR), Centre for Microfinance, Chennai
30.    ILO: Extending social security to all: A guide through challenges and options (Geneva, 2010).
31.    (Government of India, 2008): Problems o f Unorganized Sector Workers; Ministry of Labour and Employment, New Delhi. http://www.erewise.com/current-affairs/problems-of-unorganised-sectorworkers_art5253e5adee10f.html#.UuELgvvhXIU. Retrieved on 27/01/2014.
32.    Sen Amartya (1997 b), Development Thinking at the Beginning of the 21st Century, The Development Economic Research Programme- New Series, March, London School of Economics London.
33.    Romer, Paul (1990) ‘Endogenous Technological Change’. Journal of Political Economy 98 (5): S71-S102.
34.    Keller, W. (2004), ‘International Technology Diffusion’, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. XLII (3), pp. 752-82.
35.    Lucas, R. (1988). ‘On the mechanics of economic development.’ Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), 3–42.
36.    Ranis, G., (2011). Technology and human Development. Center Discussion Paper 1004. Economic Growth Center. Yale University.
37.    Nelson, D. 2010. India to replace ‘inhumane’ rickshaws with e-ricks. THE TELEGRAPH retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/7760010/India-to-replace-inhumane-rickshaws-with-e-ricks.html.
38.    S. Gadepalli, "Rickshaws in the new millennium", The Daily Star, June 30 2006, retrieved from http://www.thedailystar.net/2006/06/30/d606300901105.htm.
39.    Rajvanshi AK. Electric and Improved Cycle Rickshaws as a Sustainable Transport System for India. Current Science 2002; 83(6): 1-6.
40.    Md Ashraf Hossain, „‟ Encourage motorised rickshaw”, Daily New Age, June 4 2012, retrieved from http://newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2012-06-04&nid=12530#.UkNZwifFmQI.
41.    Rhaman, M. M., (2013). Electric Motorized Rickshaw Can Preserve the Inhumanity Rickshaw Labor in Bangladesh without Interrupt Power System. Proceedings of 4th Global Engineering, Science and Technology Conference 27-28 December, 2013, BIAM Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh ISBN: 978-1-922069-43-6
42.    Mitra, S. K., et. al. (2012). Battery Operated Auto-rickshaw and Its Role in Urban Income and Employment Generation. International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology. 1 (5).
43.    Mitra, S. K. et. al. (2013). Exploring operational Characteristics of Battery operated AutoRickshaws in Urban Transportation System. American Journal of Engineering Research. 2 (4). 1-11.
44.    Bhasin, R.& Bhardwaj, A. (2014). Structural flaws, unchecked growth make e-rickshaws a safety hazard. THE INDIAN EXPRESS.Accessed on 4 July at http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/structural-flaws-unchecked-growth-makee-rickshaws-a-safety-hazard/.
45.    Tawfique Ali, “Electric Rickshaws run out of steam”, The Daily Star, May 30 2011, retreieved from http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=187825.
46.    PCA Data (1996) Registrar general of India retrieved from http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/Searchdata.aspx
47.    Alkire, S. (2016). Measures of Human Development: Key concepts and properties. OPHI Working Paper 107, University of Oxford
48.    United Nations Development Programme. (2012) One planet to share. Asia human development report.New Delhi: Routledge, Taylor and Francis
49.    Alkire, S. (2016). Measures of Human Development: Key concepts and properties. OPHI Working Paper 107, University of Oxford
50.    Ranis, Gustav “Technology and Human Development” 2011
51.    Azad Rickshaw Pullers Union (regd.) Ch. Town Hall, Amritsar V. State of Punjab & Ors 1981 AIR 14 1981 SCR (1) 366. (ruling 1980) retrieved from https://www.escr-net.org/caselaw/2009/azad-rickshaw-pullers-union-regd-ch-town-hall-amritsar-v-state-punjab-ors-1981-air-14
52.    Transport department, Government of national capital territory of Delhi. (2014). E-Rickshaw Sewa Scheme (2014) retrieved from http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/68855600475e7edb9c6dfc825d7a2a20/E-RICKSHAW+SEWA+SCHEME.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-1542501104&CACHEID=68855600475e7edb9c6dfc825d7a2a20&E-RICKSHAW%20SEWA%20SCHEME
53.    The central motor vehicle rules. (1989). Chapter 1, Preliminary. Retrieved from http://www.tn.gov.in/sta/Cmvr1989.pdf
54.    Central Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Rules. (1993). G.S.R. 111 (E). Government of India retrieved from  http://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/centrlmotr1989/centrlmotr.html
55.    Press information bureau. (June 2014). Ministry of road transport and highways. Government of India retrieved from http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=105700

Recomonded Articles:

Author(s): Dibyendu Bikash Datta, Sankhadip Bhattacharyya

DOI: 10.5958/2321-5763.2016.00002.0         Access: Open Access Read More

Author(s): M. Rifaya Meera, R. Padmaja, R. Mohammed Abubakkar Siddique

DOI: 10.5958/2321-5763.2017.00023.3         Access: Open Access Read More

Author(s): Preeti Sodhi, Pratibha Thapa

DOI:         Access: Open Access Read More

Author(s): Sanjay Kanti Das

DOI:         Access: Open Access Read More

Author(s): Saritha Madipelli, Y. Chinappa

DOI:         Access: Open Access Read More

Author(s): Puttaswamy Gowda. M

DOI: 10.5958/2321-5763.2018.00192.0         Access: Open Access Read More

Author(s): Prabhjot Kaur

DOI:         Access: Open Access Read More

Author(s): P S Sasdhar, Nagaraja O

DOI: 10.5958/2321-5763.2018.00193.2         Access: Open Access Read More

Author(s): GoutamTanty, P K Patjoshi

DOI: 10.5958/2321-5763.2016.00029.9         Access: Open Access Read More

Asian Journal of Management (AJM) is an international, peer-reviewed journal, devoted to managerial sciences. The aim of AJM is to publish the relevant to applied management theory and practice...... Read more >>>

RNI: Not Available                     
DOI: 10.5958/2321-5763 



Recent Articles




Tags